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Hard Drive Hard Drive Technologies Technologies

9 hard drive technologies

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Page 1: 9 hard drive technologies

Hard Drive Hard Drive TechnologiesTechnologies

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Hard Drive Hard Drive TechnologiesTechnologies Used by hard drive to interface Used by hard drive to interface

with the systemwith the system

Used within hard drive to read Used within hard drive to read and write data to the driveand write data to the drive

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Hard Drive SubsystemHard Drive Subsystem

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Types of Hard Drive Types of Hard Drive InterfacesInterfaces EIDE (Enhanced IDE) interface EIDE (Enhanced IDE) interface

standards used by most hard standards used by most hard drivesdrives

Other interface standardsOther interface standards

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EIDE Interface EIDE Interface StandardsStandards

Specify data transfer speed more than Specify data transfer speed more than any other factorany other factor

Considerations when selecting a Considerations when selecting a standardstandard

– Use fastest standard appropriate for range Use fastest standard appropriate for range of the system and size of the driveof the system and size of the drive

– Must be supported by the OS, system BIOS Must be supported by the OS, system BIOS on motherboard, and firmware on the driveon motherboard, and firmware on the drive

Ultra ATA/100: most popularUltra ATA/100: most popular

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ANSI Interface ANSI Interface StandardsStandards

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EIDE Interface EIDE Interface Standards (Standards (continuedcontinued)) Modes of transferring data between Modes of transferring data between

hard drive and memoryhard drive and memory

– DMA transfer modeDMA transfer mode

– PIO transfer modePIO transfer mode

IDE cabling methodsIDE cabling methods

– Parallel ATA (PATA) technologyParallel ATA (PATA) technology

– Serial ATA (SATA) technologySerial ATA (SATA) technology

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IDE Cabling MethodsIDE Cabling Methods

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IDE Cabling Methods IDE Cabling Methods ((continuedcontinued))

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IDE Cabling Methods IDE Cabling Methods ((continuedcontinued))

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EIDE Interface EIDE Interface Standards (Standards (continuedcontinued))

Independent device timingIndependent device timing

Drives larger than 137GBDrives larger than 137GB

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Configuring EIDE Configuring EIDE DrivesDrives

EIDE standards support two IDE connections, EIDE standards support two IDE connections, a primary and a secondarya primary and a secondary

Each connection can support up to two IDE Each connection can support up to two IDE devices for a total of four devices on a systemdevices for a total of four devices on a system

– Primary IDE channel, master devicePrimary IDE channel, master device

– Primary IDE channel, slave devicePrimary IDE channel, slave device

– Secondary IDE channel, master deviceSecondary IDE channel, master device

– Secondary IDE channel, slave deviceSecondary IDE channel, slave device

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Configuring EIDE Configuring EIDE Drives (Drives (continuedcontinued))

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Other Interface Other Interface StandardsStandards SCSI (small computer system SCSI (small computer system

interface)interface)

USBUSB

IEEE 1394IEEE 1394

Fibre ChannelFibre Channel

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How Hard Drives WorkHow Hard Drives Work

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How Hard Drives Work How Hard Drives Work ((continuedcontinued))

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Tracks and Sectors on Tracks and Sectors on the Drivethe Drive

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Tracks and Sectors on Tracks and Sectors on the Drive (the Drive (continuedcontinued))

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Low-Level FormattingLow-Level Formatting

Occurs at the factoryOccurs at the factory

Process of writing sector and Process of writing sector and track markings on the disk track markings on the disk

Expected to last for the life of the Expected to last for the life of the drivedrive

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Considerations When Considerations When Purchasing a Hard Purchasing a Hard DriveDrive CapacityCapacity

Spindle speedSpindle speed

Technology standardTechnology standard

Cache or buffer sizeCache or buffer size

Average seek timeAverage seek time

Match drive to motherboardMatch drive to motherboard

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Communicating with Communicating with the Hard Drive the Hard Drive ControllerController

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Calculating Drive Calculating Drive Capacity on Older Capacity on Older DrivesDrives For drives less than 8.4 GBFor drives less than 8.4 GB

– Determined by number of heads, Determined by number of heads, tracks, and sectors on the disk, each tracks, and sectors on the disk, each sector holding 512 bytes of datasector holding 512 bytes of data

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Hard Drive Size Hard Drive Size LimitationsLimitationsOperating systemOperating system Maximum size Maximum size

supportedsupportedDOS and Windows 9x DOS and Windows 9x FAT16FAT16

2.1 GB; cannot be used 2.1 GB; cannot be used on hard drives that on hard drives that exceed 8.4 GBexceed 8.4 GB

Windows NT/2000/XP Windows NT/2000/XP FAT16FAT16

4 GB4 GB

Windows 2000/XP Windows 2000/XP FAT32FAT32

32 GB32 GB

Windows 9x FAT32Windows 9x FAT32 137 GB137 GB

Windows 2000/XP with Windows 2000/XP with Service PackService Pack

Larger than 137 GBLarger than 137 GB

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Methods of Retaining Methods of Retaining Backward Backward CompatibilityCompatibility CHS (Cylinder, Head, Sector) mode or CHS (Cylinder, Head, Sector) mode or

normal mode (for drives less than 528 MB)normal mode (for drives less than 528 MB)

Large mode or ECHS (Extended CHS) mode Large mode or ECHS (Extended CHS) mode (for drives between 504 MB and 8.4 GB)(for drives between 504 MB and 8.4 GB)

LBA (Logical Block Addressing) mode (for LBA (Logical Block Addressing) mode (for drives larger than 504 MB)drives larger than 504 MB)

33.8 GB limitation and 137 GB limitation33.8 GB limitation and 137 GB limitation

Device driversDevice drivers

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Methods of Retaining Methods of Retaining Backward Backward CompatibilityCompatibility CHS (Cylinder, Head, Sector) CHS (Cylinder, Head, Sector)

Large mode or ECHS (Extended Large mode or ECHS (Extended CHS) mode CHS) mode

The drive was accessed by specifying its cylinder, head and sector address. More appropriately, it was referred to as accessing the drive through its "geometry"

A transition change in the way a drive was accessed in order to work around the 504 MB barrier, however, the addressing was still done in terms of cylinder, head and sector numbers and then translated one or more times before actually accessing the drive itself

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Methods of Retaining Methods of Retaining Backward Backward CompatibilityCompatibility LBA (Logical Block Addressing) LBA (Logical Block Addressing)

modemodeIt is a means by which a drive is accessed by linearly addressing sector addresses, beginning at sector 1 of head 0, cylinder 0 as LBA 0, and proceeding on in sequence to the last physical sector on the drive, which, for instance, on a standard 540 Meg drive would be LBA 1,065,456. I.e, each sector is assigned a unique "sector number"

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How a Hard Drive Is How a Hard Drive Is Logically Organized to Logically Organized to Hold DataHold Data

Steps for preparing a hard drive to Steps for preparing a hard drive to hold files hold files

– Low-level format (usually done at the Low-level format (usually done at the factory)factory)

– Partitioning the hard drivePartitioning the hard drive

– High-level formatHigh-level format

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Hard Drive Partitions Hard Drive Partitions and Logical Drivesand Logical Drives Active partition – Active partition – It’s the bootable partition. OS installed It’s the bootable partition. OS installed

in this partition. in this partition. Only oneOnly one drive can be set as the drive can be set as the active active partitionpartition on a computer on a computer

Primary partition – Primary partition – The primary partition marked as The primary partition marked as active contains the OS. Also referred as System Partitionactive contains the OS. Also referred as System Partition

Extended partition – Extended partition – Can be broken down into smaller Can be broken down into smaller drives accessible to the OS. These drives are referred to as logical drives accessible to the OS. These drives are referred to as logical partitions or logical drivespartitions or logical drives

Logical partition – Logical partition – Exists in an extended partitionExists in an extended partition

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Partitions and Logical Partitions and Logical DrivesDrives

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Hard Drive Partition Table Hard Drive Partition Table in MBRin MBR

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Choice of File SystemsChoice of File Systems

FAT16FAT16– Supported by all Windows systemsSupported by all Windows systems

FAT32 (and VFAT)FAT32 (and VFAT)– Supported by Windows 95 Second Edition, Supported by Windows 95 Second Edition,

Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XPWindows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP NTFSNTFS

– Supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000, Supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XPWindows XP

Each logical drive has its own file Each logical drive has its own file systemsystem

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Size of Logical DrivesSize of Logical Drives

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When to Partition a When to Partition a DriveDrive First install a new hard driveFirst install a new hard drive

Existing drive is giving errorsExisting drive is giving errors

Suspect a virus has attacked the Suspect a virus has attacked the drivedrive

Want to wipe a hard drive clean and Want to wipe a hard drive clean and install a new OSinstall a new OS

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Installing a Hard DriveInstalling a Hard Drive

1.1. Set jumpers or DIP switches; physically install Set jumpers or DIP switches; physically install drive; attach power cord and data cabledrive; attach power cord and data cable

2.2. Inform CMOS of new driveInform CMOS of new drive

3.3. If installing an OS on the drive, boot from OS If installing an OS on the drive, boot from OS setup CD (and skip next two steps)setup CD (and skip next two steps)

4.4. If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk or Disk Management to create partition(s) and or Disk Management to create partition(s) and divide extended partition into logical drivesdivide extended partition into logical drives

5.5. For second drive, use Format command or Disk For second drive, use Format command or Disk Management to high-level format each logical Management to high-level format each logical drivedrive

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Prepare for Prepare for InstallationInstallation

Read documentationRead documentation

Plan drive configurationPlan drive configuration

Prepare work area and take Prepare work area and take precautionsprecautions

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Jumper SettingsJumper Settings

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Jumper Settings Jumper Settings ((continuedcontinued))

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Jumper Settings Jumper Settings ((continuedcontinued))

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Mounting the Drive in Mounting the Drive in the Baythe Bay

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Mounting the Drive in Mounting the Drive in the Bay (the Bay (continuedcontinued))

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Mounting the Drive in Mounting the Drive in the Bay (the Bay (continuedcontinued))

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Mounting the Drive in Mounting the Drive in the Bay (the Bay (continuedcontinued) )

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Mounting the Drive in Mounting the Drive in the Bay (the Bay (continuedcontinued) )

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Mounting the Drive in Mounting the Drive in the Bay (the Bay (continuedcontinued) )

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Mounting the Drive in Mounting the Drive in the Bay (the Bay (continuedcontinued) )

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Mounting the Drive in Mounting the Drive in the Bay (the Bay (continuedcontinued) )

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If the Bay Is Too LargeIf the Bay Is Too Large

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Use CMOS to Change Use CMOS to Change Hard Drive SettingsHard Drive Settings

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Setup for Large-Setup for Large-Capacity Hard DrivesCapacity Hard Drives

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Setup for Large-Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives Capacity Hard Drives ((continuedcontinued))

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Setup for Large-Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives Capacity Hard Drives ((continuedcontinued))

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Using Fdisk to Using Fdisk to Partition a DrivePartition a Drive

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Using Fdisk to Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive Partition a Drive ((continuedcontinued))

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Using Fdisk to Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive Partition a Drive ((continuedcontinued))

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Format Each Logical Format Each Logical DriveDrive After using Fdisk, you must reboot After using Fdisk, you must reboot

the PC before you format the drivethe PC before you format the drive

Commands used to format logical Commands used to format logical drives C, D, and E:drives C, D, and E:

– Format C:/SFormat C:/S

– Format D:Format D:

– Format E:Format E:

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Using Windows to Using Windows to Partition and Format a Partition and Format a New DriveNew Drive

Boot from Window setup CDBoot from Window setup CD

– Follow on-screen directions to install Follow on-screen directions to install Windows on new driveWindows on new drive

The setup process partitions and The setup process partitions and formats new drive before it begins formats new drive before it begins Windows installationWindows installation

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Troubleshooting Hard Troubleshooting Hard Drive InstallationsDrive Installations Check CMOS setup to verify that system BIOS Check CMOS setup to verify that system BIOS

recognizes large drivesrecognizes large drives Verify status of Fdisk Verify status of Fdisk Verify that Format C:/S was doneVerify that Format C:/S was done Check configuration of CMOS setupCheck configuration of CMOS setup Confirm setting of DIP switches or jumpersConfirm setting of DIP switches or jumpers Check connection of power cord and data cableCheck connection of power cord and data cable Refer to Web site of manufacturer for Refer to Web site of manufacturer for

suggestionssuggestions