MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE

Y E A R 9 H I S T O RYM I SS N E W M A N

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONThe Agricultural Revolution caused British people to move from villages to towns and cities to create a cheap labour force.

Let’s brainstorm and then investigate the key events of the Agricultural Revolution.

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Mind map: what do you know about this term?

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONThe Agricultural Revolution was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that began around the turn of the 18th century and continued until the early 19th century in Britain and Europe.

There were three key changes:

• Bigger farms (through enclosures and land reclamation

• Better equipment

• Better techniques (crop rotation and breeding)

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONBigger farms

• The passing of the Enclosure Laws limited the common land available to small farmers in 1760. Many small individually owned farms were bought or taken away from poorer farmers and turned into large enclosed farms for richer farmers.

• This led to more people looking for homes and work to feed their family.

• Farms also increased as land was reclaimed through clearing forests, draining marshlands and introducing new techniques to enrich poor soil to make it useable.

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONBigger farms

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONBetter Equipment

• The Seed Drill (1700): Jethro Tull invented this to plant seeds in a neat row. This improved germination by making furrows, dropping seed into them, and covering them. More efficient with time and seeds.

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONBetter EquipmentA threshing machine or thresher is a piece of farm equipment that threshes grain - it removes the seeds from the stalks and husks by beating the plant to make the seeds fall out. Before this machine, threshing was done by hand and was very laborious and time-consuming, taking about one-quarter of agricultural labour by the 18th century. Early threshing machines were hand-fed and horse-powered. They were small by today's standards and were about the size of an upright piano. Later machines were steam-powered, driven by a portable engine or traction engine. 1786 - first threshing machine invented by Scottish engineer Andrew Meikle.1810 - Isaiah Jennings created a small thresher that doesn't harm the straw1834 - John Avery and Hiram Abial Pitts - automatically threshes and separates grain from chaff

Threshing machine from 1881

The Swing Riots in the UK were partly a result of the threshing machine.

These farm labourers had faced unemployment for a number of years due to the widespread introduction of the threshing machine and the policy of enclosing fields.

As rich tenant farmers introduced efficient agricultural machine, they no longer needed the thousands of men that previously tended the crops, only a few would suffice. As there was an oversupply of farm workers, wages were progressively lowered.

The farm labourers finally revolted in 1830. With fewer jobs, lower wages and no prospects of things improving for these workers the threshing machine was the final straw, the machine was to place them on the brink of starvation. The Swing Rioters smashed threshing machines and threatened farmers who had them.

The riots were dealt with very harshly. Nine of the rioters were hanged and a further 450 were transported to Australia.

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONBetter Techniques: Crop Rotation

When fields were left empty, soil becomes fallow (empty of nutrients).

A new crop rotation system was introduced which allowed the lands to be used continually, improving the nitrogen in the soil by growing four different crops over four years.

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONBetter Techniques: selective breeding

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONEffects of the Agricultural Revolution

• Agricultural production increased• Increased production of food helped create

a rapid growth of population• Large farms began to dominate agriculture

with machines and scientific methods. Farming became big business.

• Small farms declined farmers declined farmers moved to the cities populations of the cities increased rapidly

ICT TASK: DOES THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE CRIME?1. Research crime and punishment in Britain from 1750-1900.

2. Create VIPs from your readings. You can do this: a) on your computer using Word or OneNote – make sure you save

to a USB or email to your teacher: alexandra.newman@det.nsw.edu.au; or

b) by writing the VIPs in your workbook.

3. Make sure you reference the website that you got each piece of information from.

Helpful websites: - - -

DOES THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE CRIME?1. Discussion: what is a TEEEC paragraph?2. Review VIP points collect last lesson3. Class to create common introduction paragraph4. Students t

CITY OVERPOPULATION = PRISON OVERPOPULATION

England's prisons are over-crowded.

Numbers are swelled by debtors and in the later part of the century prisoners of war from the conflicts with Napoleonic France.

Derelict ships or "hulks" in the Thames and southern ports are used as floating prisons

In response to the severe pressure on the prison system - and as an apparently more humane punishment than execution - transportation to North America is developed.

SLAVE TRADE• READ ‘Slave Trade’

• INSERT map here

SOURCE: History 9 , p41

TIMELINE

SOURCE: History 9 , p41

• Using the information from reading & discussion of ‘Slave Trade’ students START a timeline of activities that record the movement of slaves out of Africa

EUROPEAN MIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA

SOURCE: History 9 , p41

• READ ‘European Migration to Australia’

• INSERT map here

TIMELINE

SOURCE: History 9 , p41

• Using the information from the reading & discussion of ‘European migration to Australia’ students ADD TO their timeline of activities to record the movement of convicts & free settlers out of Britain.