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A brief about kankra

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Page 1: A brief about kankra
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Course Title:Dendrology and Species Silviculture

Course No: FWT-1201

Introduction Part Shamim AhmedForestry and wood Technology Discipline Khulna University , Khulna, Bangladesh. Student ID: 140535

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Presentation on

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L.

(Kankra)

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Local Name : KankraScientific Name:Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L.

Family : Rhizophoraceae

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Common species : Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Bruguiera cylindrica Bruguiera parviflora ,Bruguiera sexangula 

Common name : Oriental Mangrove, black mangrove (Eng.); swartwortelboom (Afr.)  m'tumansi, setaca (Mozambique, language). orange mangrove, mapeki, pertut, taheup, tenggel, putut, tumu, tomo, kandeka, tanjang, lindur, sala-sala, dau, tongke, mangrove

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Height up to 8-30 meters Bruguiera gymnorhiza to be an evergreen tree

producing leaves and shoots during the whole year. 

Bruguiera species are tall buttressed trees and they usually develop under the shade of other trees initially.

General description

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No other Mangrove species of the Bruguiera family develops as large leaves as the Bruguiera gymnorhiza

Leaves

The leaves are generally opposite and have an elliptic shape

the upper side is smooth and dark green the bottom is waxy and light green. Occasionally three or four leaves are formed simultaneously. 

The Oriental Mangrove develops leaves with a size of up to 25cm but generally between 12 to 20cm and about 3 to 9cm in width. 

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The two stipules of each leaf are reddish and the stem is greenish to reddish. 

Bruguiera gymnorhiza does not concentrate much salts in its leaves. Rhizophora species do that to get rid of the salt within the plant which explains the clustered growth of leaves at each branch. This allows Bruguiera gymnorhiza to grow bushy.

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Flowers

The flowers of Brugruiera gymnorhiza belong to the most beautiful flowers among all mangroves. The colours of the blossoms vary from light orange to dark pink and dark red. 

Brugruiera gymnorhiza always develops single axillary flowers. 

One flower has 9 to 14 pink to red , notched and hairy petals,  fused sepals and 9 to 14 pairs of stamens. 

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The colour of the flowers are often still visible at the top of fresh propagules.

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Fruits

The propagule of a Bruguiera gymnorhiza is its fruit. It grows within the calyx tube and is slightly grooved. 

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SeedsPropagules of Bruguiera gymnorhiza are cigar-

shaped. The propagules of Bruguiera gymnorhiza are viviparous and already develop a shoot on the mother tree

Fresh propagules are generally dark green with a light green and yellowish top and a dark red colouration around the shoot

The viviparous propagules can reach a length of more than 40cm but generally do not exceed 20 to 25cm. 

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Seeds

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.

Trunk

The stem of Bruguiera gymnorhiza has a dark brown, dark grey to black, rough and checkered fissuring bark. 

Typically Bruguiera gymnorhiza develops a one columnar stem ore is multi-stemmed. The wood of the trunk has a high densite. 

Bruguiera gymnorhiza develops almost no lenticels in oxygen-rich soils but in oxygen-poor sediments the trunk and pneumatophores are fully covered by big corky lenticels.

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Trunk

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Roots Bruguiera gymnorhiza develops the for Bruguiera

species typical knee roots. Knee roots allow the exchange of gases in oxygen-poor sediments. 

Surprisely Bruguiera gymnorhiza can also develop pneumatophores that look like stilt roots which grow directly from the trunk .These prop roots serve primarily as a support and to secure the plants location.

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Distribution Bruguiera gymnorhiza is a robust mangrove with

the ability to adapt to different growing conditions. This characteristic enabled the spread of the Oriental Mangrove from Africa to Southeast Asia to Polynesia between the 20th north latitude and the 25th south latitude. 

Countries: WestAfrica: Kenya,Madagascar,Maldives,Mauritius,Mozambique,Seychelles,Somalia,SouthAfrica,Sudan,Tan-zania

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Asia: Brunei,Cambodia,China,India,Indonesia, Japan,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Sri Lanka,Taiwan,Thailand,Vietnam Australia: Oceania: Fiji, Guam, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu 

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Climatic Condition

Temperature :Air temperature should be around 22 to 30°C. Not at any time the temperature should fall below 10°C. Short temperature drops for a few days down to 15°C are normally no problem and can be handled pretty well. 

Humidity :Should be around a minimum of 50 percent. The higher humidity is the better it is for Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and its growth.

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Physiographic Edaphic and Biotic Requirements

It is shade tolerant tree

Salt We recommend brackish water with a salinity of 10 to 25 grams not iodized sea salt per liter. 

It cannot tolerate high salinity  Requires the shade and protection of surrounding

trees to survive.

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Phenology

Flowers come in April-May which is red colored Seedling time extends from late May to

September

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Natural Regeneration

Artificial Regeneration

Regeneration

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Natural regeneration

In June-July month the seeds are naturally germinated to the forest

The seed remains attached to the parents plant until it germinates. It then falls from the tree and drifts on the water until it finds somewhere to take root.

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Artificial Regeneration

Cultivation of Bruguiera gymnorhiza in a mangrove basin is very easy. Socialization with other mangrove species is no problem. 

 As Bruguiera gymnorhiza is grown from a propagule,one just collect it and planted in aquarium(whether seawater aquarium, brackish water aquarium or freshwater aquarium),mangrove basin.

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Uses

The wood has high density and therefore very heavy wood which made it very attractive as timber for the use of salt water and foundation piling, house posts, flooring, cabinetwork and furniture.

Kankra was also used as source of dyes for fishnets ‘ropes, sails and clothing.

Powdered bark was used for preparation of tuba, a very popular alcoholic drink.

Nowadays charcoals and firewood is made of Kankra.

Cheap furniture, box, packingcase, boatwood, hardboard etc. are found from Kankra.

 

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Folk Medicine The bark is used for diarrhea and fever in Indonesia

(Perry, 1980). Cambodians use the astringent bark for malaria (Burkill, 1966).

The propagules or green pods are eaten as a cooked vegetable. They are peeled first and then boiled, the water being discarded and renewed at least four times. The propagules of this species are more appreciated than 

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Thank you!