Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called Berkeley Unix) is the UNIX operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995.

Berkeley Software Distribution Named this because of AT&T’s permission for Berkeley students to further develop the source codes for their UNIX System. Berkeley students found new ways to use the operating system by virtually rewriting all the codes thus creating a more accessible operating system. BSD has produced descendants that operate in ways unexpected by the original UNIX System. Some descendants from BSD are DragonFly BSD, PicoBSD, OpenBSD, MirBSD and many more. BSD allowed for further advancement to the UNIX System

1973 - Ken Thompson/Dennis Richie deliver a paper on UNIX Dr. Bob Fabry from Berkeley attends and later obtains a copy of UNIX UNIX is installed on several Berkeley PDP/11’s Ken Thompson takes a sabbatical at Berkeley, install Version 6 on a PDP/11, and writes a Pascal compiler

1977 - Bill Joy puts together 1st Berkeley Software Distribution (Version 1) mid-1978 - 2BSD released with improved Pascal, termcap, vi (about 75 shipped) 1978 - Berkeley obtains a VAX-11/780 A copy of AT&T 32/V UNIX is installed - does not take advantage of virtual memory

1979 - VAX/BSD distribution assembled includes:

• virtual memory• std 32/V utilities• all BSD additions

Bill Joy ships about 100 tapes of 3BSD

DARPA becomes interested in BSD• wants to have common platform (reduced porting costs on different /w and os’s) • desires distributed network • UNIX chosen to solidify DARPA user base

1980 - DARPA grants Berkeley 18 month contract to add DARPA contractors features

1983 - 4.2BSD is released• over 1000 shipped - Very popular

1986 - 4.3BSD released w/ BSD TCP/IP stack AT&T did not have networking/fast file system.• These were later incorporated into System V using BSD code (which turned out to be a good thing)

1988 - 4.3BSD-Tahoe released (machine- independent)

Up through the release of 4.3BSD-Tahoe, users were required to purchase an AT&T source license. • AT&T continued to increase the license cost. • PC vendors wanted the TCP/IP stack code, so this was split out.

1989 - Networking Release 1•first freely distributed code form Berkeley (open source)

early 1990 - 4.3BSD-Reno released• virtual memory system from the MACH kernel • SUN-compatible NFS

1990 - Keith Bostic proposes having BSD become freely-distributed with most source code included•Bostic pioneers the technique of mass net-based development

All UNIX utilities re-written from scratch•Within 18 months, most lib’s/utilities rewritten

Karels, Bostic, and McKusick go through kernel, file-by-file rewriting 32/V code and removing it from the release 1991 - Networking Release 2 begins distribution Several open source groups form to continue the BSD work

1992 - AT&T files suit against Berkeley Software Design Inc. (BSDi)• BSDi heavily discounts source/binary products over System V • AT&T suit alleges BSDi products contain USL code/trade secrets

Counter suit is filed in California• Berkeley and AT&T end up settling after it turned out AT&T had removed UC-Berkeley copyright notices out of the BSD code (TCP/IP and fast file system) it had incorporated years earlier

BSD groups are formed to work together to maintain and enhance BSD• NetBSD is focused on supporting as many platforms as possible • FreeBSD was formed a few months later and focuses on PC’s.• OpenBSD is focused on improving the security of BSD

Today work continues on BSD through the NetBSD, FreeBSD and OpenBSD distributions.• These are available via downloading over the internet

Why BSD was so important• allowed research environment to grow UNIX • pioneered internet based open source development • released programs with code or as code

Open source has attracted a lot of attention. • Linux is probably the most well know• about half of the utilities come from the BSD distribution

Linux

BSD – FreeBSD, NetBSD

Mac OS X

FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch. It runs on Intel x86 family. FreeBSD has been characterized as "the unknown giant among free operating systems." It is not a clone of UNIX, but works like UNIX, with UNIX-compliant internals and system APIs.

FreeBSD is developed as a complete operating system. The kernel, device drivers and all of the userland utilities, such as the shell, are held in the same source code revision tracking tree, whereas with Linux distributions, the kernel, userland utilities and applications are developed separately, then packaged together in various ways by others.

Comparison between Network OssPerformance

FreeBSD Linux WindowsFreeBSD is the system of choice for high performance network applications. FreeBSD will outperform other systems when running on equivalent hardware. The largest and busiest public server on the Internet uses FreeBSD. FreeBSD is used by Yahoo!, Qwest and many others as their main server OS because of its ability to handle heavy network traffic with high performance and rock solid reliability

Linux performs well for most applications, however the performance is not optimal under heavy network load. The network performance of Linux is 20-30% below the capacity of FreeBSD running on the same hardware 2. The situation has improved somewhat recently.. Since both operating systems are open source, beneficial technologies are shared and for this reason the performance of Linux and FreeBSD is rapidly converging .

Windows is adequate for routine desktop apps, but it is unable to handle heavy network loads. A few organizations try to make it work as an Internet server. For instance, barnesandnoble.com uses Windows-NT, and they verified by an error messages.For their own "Hotmail" Internet servers, Microsoft used FreeBSD for many years .

Comparison between Network OssFree Applications

FreeBSD Linux WindowsThere are many, many gigabytes of FREE software available for FreeBSD. FreeBSD includes thousands of software packages and an extensive ports collection, all with complete source code. Many people consider the FreeBSD Ports collection to be the most accessible and easiest to use library of free software packages available anywhere.

There are huge numbers of free programs available for Linux. All GNU software runs on both Linux and FreeBSD without modification. Some of the free programs for Linux differ between distributions, because Linux does not have a central ports collection.

The amount of free Windows software is much less than what is available for Unix. Many Windows applications are provided as "shareware", without source code, so the programs cannot be customized, debugged, improved, or extended by the user .

Comparison between Network OssPrice, and Total Cost of OwnershipFreeBSD Linux Windows

FreeBSD can be downloaded from the Internet for FREE. Or it can be purchased on a four CDROM set, along with several gigabytes of applications, for $40. All necessary documentation is included. Support is available for free or for very low cost. There is no user licensing, so you can quickly bring additional computers online. This all adds up to a very low total cost of Ownership.

Linux is FREE. Several companies offer commercial aggregations at a very low cost. Applications and Documentation is available for little or no cost. There are no licensing restrictions, so Linux can be installed on as many systems as you like for no additional cost. Linux's total cost of ownership is very low.

The server edition of Windows costs nearly $700. Even basic applications cost extra. Users often spend many thousands of dollars for programs that are included for free with Linux or FreeBSD. Documentation is expensive, and very little on-line documentation is provided. A license is required for every computer, which means delays and administrative overhead. The initial learning curve for simple administration tasks is smaller than with Unix, but it also requires a lot more work to keep the system running with any significant work load .

Bar chart showing the proportion of users of each BSD variant from a BSD usage survey in 2005. Each participant was permitted to show multiple BSD variants

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