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1 A: Writings of Abdullah Mushi (1848): There were many old fruit trees here. Durian, duku, lime, langsat, petai, jering and pomelo. B: Excavation in 1928: Gold Jewelry found C: John Crawfurd 1822): There was a building platform about 12 m on each side. It had an enclosed A B C D E D: Excavation in 1984 and 1988: Large amounts of glass fragments, beads and ceramic moulds were found here F Hand-On-Activity 1: E: Excavation in the 1990s in the North bank of the Singapore River: Earthernware for water containers and cooking ports from Sumatra, Java , Thailand and China found. Also Qingbai, celadon and F: The wall on the north boundary of the ancient down of Singapore was 5 meters wide at the base and about 2.75 metres in height. The rampart wet up the hillside. There was a trench on its outer edge. The earthworks were not Based on the information given in the boxes, what was A, B, C, D,E and F used for in pre-modern Singapura? Possible help words: Royal Gardens Servant living quarters Royal Palace Main settlement Trading Area Earthern defence

Anthropology archaeology and accounts samples

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Page 1: Anthropology archaeology and accounts samples

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A: Writings of Abdullah Mushi (1848): There were many old fruit trees here. Durian, duku, lime, langsat, petai, jering and pomelo. Some of these trees were of great size

B: Excavation in 1928: Gold Jewelry found

C: John Crawfurd 1822): There was a building platform about 12 m on each side. It had an enclosed area in the centre.

A

B

CD

E

D: Excavation in 1984 and 1988: Large amounts of glass fragments, beads and ceramic moulds were found here

FHand-On-Activity 1: Archaeology

E: Excavation in the 1990s in the North bank of the Singapore River: Earthernware for water containers and cooking ports from Sumatra, Java , Thailand and China found. Also Qingbai, celadon and blue and white ceramics from China. Metal objects like coins, fishing hooks, spear tips and glass fragments found here.

F: The wall on the north boundary of the ancient down of Singapore was 5 meters wide at the base and about 2.75 metres in height. The rampart wet up the hillside. There was a trench on its outer edge. The earthworks were not intended for use for rifles and cannons

Based on the information given in the boxes, what was A, B, C, D,E and F used for in pre-modern Singapura?

Possible help words:

Royal Gardens

Servant living quarters

Royal Palace

Main settlement

Trading Area

Earthern defence wall

Ritual place of worship

Page 2: Anthropology archaeology and accounts samples

Hands-On Activity 1: Anthropology

Task 1: Read Wang Da Yuan’s account of Singapore

The people at Pancur/Banzu are generally honest. They wear their hair short and wear false gold-patterned satin wrapped around their heads. There is a red-oiled cloth wrapped around their body. They boil sea water to get salt and process rice to produce rice wine. They trade in goods like satin, red gold, pottery and iron urns

Task 2: Read the article about Balinese traditional salt-making and/ or watch the following videos:

Video 1: Traditional Salt Making in Bali

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YI6R45TxjBc

Video 2: Salt: A Brief Big History

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G24Yc8DijLM

Salt: A Brief Big History

Article 1

There is something so precious about Balinese sea salt. First, a little bit about Salt History. Beyond its culinary contributions, salt has created and destroyed empires and played a prominent role in determining the power and location of many of the world's great cities. Hard to believe.

Salt's mighty ability to preserve food was a foundation of civilization. For a start, it eliminated the dependence on the seasonal availability of food and allowed all those fearless seafaring folk to travel long distances with a bounty of preserved snacks.

Enter terasi or shrimp paste, Indonesia's salt-preserved, fishy and ever-so-smelly beloved seasoning. But I digress.

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Salt is undeniably one of the world's first seasonings. But it seems in the early days, it was difficult to obtain, and thus became a highly valued trade item.

As far back as the Bronze Age, salt roads were established and cities, states and duchies exacted heavy duties and taxes for salt passing thorough their territories.

Until the twentieth century, salt was one of the prime movers of national economies and wars (it's starting to sound oh-so-familiar). An amazing act for a seasoning that now sits humbly on dinner tables in modest glass shakers.

Even the word "salary" was derived from the Latin term "salarium" which was the name for a soldier's pay in the army of ancient Rome. The pay included a large ration of salt, which was not only a taste sensation of high value but also a medium for exchange: thus the origin of the expression, "worth your salt".

Balinese sea salt is produced in coastal regions around the island. In Kusamba, East Bali, you can see the small salt-making huts and coconut-drying trunks from the road.

The work begins in the misty, early hours of the morning, when the sun is still yawning. The farmers rake the sand gently and sprinkle it lightly with water.

A thin crust forms which is gently scooped up and tipped into the first of a series of coconut trunks that resemble a woody mouse-trap game (remember that one!).

http://www.topholidaysbali.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/traditional-salt-process-1.jpg

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The filtering journey ends with a pool of concentrated salt water. The thick salt water is collected and poured into open-air trays and left to evaporate, relying on the heat of the fierce sun and gusty winds. Once the water has evaporated, the salt is crushed and ground without further refining.

http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3708/10609510856_473ecb6e3b_o.jpg

Adapted from: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/02/28/in-praise-balinese-sea-salt.html

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/01/29/producing-salt-traditional-way-smokey-ordeal.html

Task 3: Answer these questions

1. Why was salt making important for civilizations?

2. Based on what you have read, why do you think Wang Da Yuan mentioned ‘salt making’ as an important industry for Singapura?

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Hands-On Activity: Historical Accounts

Task 1: Use the following historical accounts to reconstruct your own interpretation of how Singapore declined in the 1400s.

a) Who were Singapore’s main enemies?

b) What are the possible reasons that led to the Fall of Singapore in the 1400s?

c) What is the difference between the Sejarah Melayu ( Source 1) and Portuguese accounts on the fall of Singapore?

(Source 5)? Why do they differ?

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Iskandar Shah:I am Iskandar Shah, the last ruler of Singapura. I accuased one of my wives of being unfaithful. To avenge this humiliation, her father, Sang Rajuna Tapa, opened the city gates to let in the Majapahit forces, who destroyed Singapura.

Wang Dayuan: I am Wang Dayuan. I watched as the Siamese came with more than 80 ships and raided Dan M Xi. They laid siege to the city for a month but did not dare assault it. They retreated when an Imperial envoy from China passed by the area.

Gajah Mada: I am Gajah Mada, Prime Ministry of the Majapahit Empire based in Trowalun, Java. We pay our 30,000 soldiers in gold and silver. Our empire was largest in the reign of Hayam Wuruk (1334-1339). We dominated places like Sumatra and Palembang. I swear I will not enjoy palapa until I have conquered all the nations on my list, including Singpaura.,

Tomes Pires: I am Tomes Pires, a Portuguese pharmacist who visited Southeast Asia and lived in Melaka from 1512 to 1515. I wrote about Singapore several hundred years after it fell. The Javanese tell me that in 1360, a prince from Palembang rebelled against Majapahit rule. His revolt failed and he fled to Singapura where he killed the local Sang Aji, or Prince of the Island. He ruled with the help of the Celates, but he had no trade links. The murder angered the King of Ayutthaya.

Page 8: Anthropology archaeology and accounts samples

Exercise: Jigsaw

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