AP World History Chapter 03

Unit 1: Foundations

Chapter 3: The

Mediterranean and

Middle East2000 – 500 B.C.E.

Unit 1: Foundations

Chapter 3: The Mediterranean and

Middle East•Section 1: Cosmopolitan Middle East

•Section 2: Aegean World

•Section 3: The Assyrian Empire

•Section 4: Israel

•Section 5: Phoenicia & the Mediterranean

•Section 6: Failure & Transformation

Unit 1: Foundations

Chapter 3: The Mediterranean and Middle East

Western Asia

Egypt: New Kingdom

Commerce & Communication

A. Western Asia

1. Cosmopolitan - culture diffusion across Mesopotamia

2. South - Kassites ruled Babylonia- no empire

3. North - Assyria (Tigris R. )- tin & silver trade

Hittites (Anatolia/Turkey)a. Used horse-drawn chariots

b. Metallurgy - copper, silver, and iron

c. First to use iron tools & weapons

Unit 1: Chapter 3: Section 1: Middle East

Queen Hatsheput

Ramesses II

Amarna

B. Egypt - New Kingdom

B. Egypt - New Kingdom

1. Middle Kingdom - decline & conquered by Hyksos

2. New Kingdom – empire building!!!

a. North - Palestine

b. South - Nubia

3. Rulers

a. Hatsheput - trade with Punt

b. Akenaten - Monotheistic – only god: Aten

i. New capital built at Amarna

c. Ramessides - new Dynasty – largest ever!

i. Ramesses II – strong ruler of largest empire-


C. Commerce & Communication

1. Commerce- Syria/Palestine important center of metal trade routes (Mesop > Med)a. Caused Egypt & Hitittes to fight for control of this area

b. Metals had to be traded for i. Copper – Arabia & Cyprus

ii. Tin – Afghanistan

iii. Silver – Anatolia

iv. Gold – Nubia

2. Communicationa. Animals –

camels, horses & chariots

a. Language – writing became the norm of all govts


Section 2:

The Aegean World2000 – 1100 B.C.E.

Unit 1: Chapter 3: Section 2: Aegean World

Minoans

Mycenaeans

Fall of

Bronze Age

Civilizations

A. Minoans ( - 1450 BCE)

1. Little is Known

a. Legends of King Minos, labyrinth beneath his palace & the Minotaur

b. Archeological evidence @ Cnossus, Phaistos, Mallia

c. Influenced by Egypt, Syria & Mesopotamia

2. Fall – most likely conquered by Mycenaeans


The Minotaur was a savage

creature with the body of a bull,

the upper torso of a man, and

the head of a bull.

B. Mycenae (1600 - 1450 BCE)

1. Legend of Homer’s: Iliad and Odyssey

2. Archeological evidence (Schliemann – 1876)a. Shaft graves, gold & silver jewelry, palaces

3. Culture

1. Hilltop citadels & fortified walls

2. Luxury living for rich: houses and tombs

3. Writing - Linear B

4. State control

1. Mutual dependent city/states

2. Organized agriculture and wool production


Mycenaean Grave Sites

Linear B Writing

B. Mycenae (1600 - 1100 BCE)

5. Long Distance Trade

a. Evidence in Egypt, Aegean and Middle East

b. Exports: wine, olive oil, weapons, crafts, slaves and mercenaries

c. Imports: ivory, gold, copper, tin


Trade

C. Fall of Bronze Age (1100 BCE)

1. Hittites destroyed by unknown invaders

2. Egypt loses control of Nubia

3. Mycenae declines: internal and external forces

Invasion, trade routes seized, economic collapse

4. “Dark Age”

Poverty, isolation, decline of knowledge


Section 3:

The Assyrians911-612 B.C.E.

Unit 1: Chapter 3: Section 3: Assyria

Background

God & King

Conquest & Control

Society & Culture

A. Background & Location

1. Northern Mesopotamia

2. Empire - began in 9th Century BCE

Expanded trade routes

• Westward to Mediterranean

• North to modern Armenia

• East to modern Iran

• South to Babylonia


B. God & King

1. Kings were chosen by the gods & highly revered

2. Celebrated as heroes - produce awe & fear

3. Assyrian Kings: Assur-nasirpal II, Tiglath-pileser III, Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esar-haddon

Secular Duties

Receiving information

Hearing and deciding

complaints

Diplomacy

Military leadership

Religious Duties

Supervision of state

religion

Public and private rituals

Consulting and getting

approval of gods


C. Conquest & Control

1. Strong Army - ½ million soldiers

a. Technology – iron weapons, cavalry, couriers, signal fires, spy networks

b. Highly feared

Terrorism

Deportation


C. Conquest & Control

2. Officials

a. Collected tribute & taxes

b. Maintain law & order

c. Troops – train & supply

d. Construct & maintain public works (roads, bridges)


D. Society & Culture

1. 3 Social Classes:

a. Free Landowning

b. Farmers & artisans

c. Slaves

2. Economy based on agriculture

3. Culture influenced from earlier Mesopotamia

4. Knowledgeable in math and astronomy

5. Extensive libraries – Epic of Gilgamesh found here


Section 4:

Israel2000 - 500 BCE

Unit 1: Chapter 3: Section 4: Israel

Background

Origins

Exodus

Monarchy

Culture

Decline

A. Background

1. Nomadic herders

2. Caravan traders (no resources)

B. Origins1. Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac & Jacob

2. Tension with neighbors (a lasting theme)

C. Exodus1. Egyptian slavery is disputed – maybe Hyksos

2. Settled into Canaanite territory (battles)


D. Monarchy

1. Need for strong central govt.

2. Saul, David, Solomon – then divided in two

Solomon: Strongest, wealthiest of all Israelite kings

Alliances, built Jerusalem Temple

300 wives, 600 concubines

3. Temples: sacrifices: ag & animal

Priests became rich off of “taxes” – led to corruption


E. Culture1. Families:

a. Patriarchal

b. Arranged monogamous marriages

Men could have affairs & rich could have multiple wives

c. Lived with extended families

2. Women

a. Could not own property or initiate divorce

b. Domestic: raising children, maintain house, ag/herd

c. Urban areas: women worked outside of the home

3. Temples: sacrifices: ag & animal

Priests became rich off of “taxes” – led to corruption


F. Decline

1. Solomon’s sons divided the kingdom in two

a. North: Israel - Capital: Samaria

b. South: Judah - Capital: Jerusalem

2. Foreign Invasion

Assyrian invasion of Israel (north) 721 BCE

Babylonian invasion of Judah

Large portion of population deported back to Babylon

3. Diaspora

Scattering of Jewish population

Unity: Religious rituals, dietary restrictions, Sabbath


Section 5: Phoenicia & Carthage1200 - 500 BCE

Unit 1: Chapter 3: Section 5: Phoenicia

Background

Expansion

Carthage

A. Background1. Modern day Lebanon

2. Descendents of Syria, Lebanon & Israel:

3. Major cities: Byblos, Berytus, Sidon & Tyre

4. First alphabetical writing system


B. Expansion

1. Tyre expanded throughout the Med. Sea:

Cyprus, N. Africa, Spanish coast, Sardinia, Sicily & Malta

1. Need for resources

• Since Assyria conquered Syria & Palestine, they need ag. Land and other resources


C. Carthage

1. Modern day Tunisia

2. Governed by 2 judges

3. Strong Navy, controlled W. Med. sea trade

4. Religion: polytheistic, child sacrifices


Carthage

1. Destruction of Israel: deportation of Jews

2. Phoenicians expanded into the Med Sea

3. Invasion of Egypt

4. Control of Babylon & W. Iran

5. Empire too large, army overextended, resources drained, revolts and rebellions

Neo-Babylonians rise up & defeat the Assyrians

Unit 1: Chapter 3: Section 6: Transformation

Section 6: Assyrian Consequences750 – 550 BCE

Education

AP World History Chapter 03