UMM TIZI- OUZOU Départment of Architecture

2020thth centry trends in centry trends in ArchitectureArchitecture 2020thth centry trends in centry trends in ArchitectureArchitecture

Represented by :

miss MEDDAHI Kahina

Gived to :

Miss DAROUICHE

2020thth century trends in century trends in ArchitectureArchitecture 2020thth century trends in century trends in ArchitectureArchitecture

University year: 2008/2009

Work Plan

Introduction

8-Organic Architecture

5 -International style

7-Minimalism

6 -Brutalism

3 -Functionalism

4 -Bauhaus

Chapter II: Post-Modernism

2 -Formalism

1-Structuralism

Chapter III: Ecologic Architecture

Chapter I: Modernism

1 -Déconstructivism 2 -High- tech

3 -Expressionism and Neo-expressionism

1 -Ecologic Architecture 2 -Sustainable development.

Conclusion

References

Introduction

During the beginning of XX th century, many towers in the world, were destroyed after a heat war. This stressed situation leads to appearance

of Modernist movement as a trend to remedy towns in chaos.

This movement advocate a decomposition of urban functions under the concept of zoning by division of surfaces of ground and organization of transport.

Tower witch was a structured organism became an addition of fragments relied by transport. Consequently towers lost their system and identity. As an alternative, the movement post- modernist was emerged to remedy, in his turn, modern towens.

Town during war

Chapter I: Modernism

*Présentation of Modernism:

Modernism is an architectural movement appeared at the beginning of XX th century. It was a trend to remedy the crise of architecture and urbanism, after the first word war. This movement advocate a construction which is deprived of ornament; deny history; standard and rationalized. Le Corbusier advocate the concept of living machine. He said that every human in the world requirements to living, to working, to

circulating and to recreating his body and his mind .

Appeared in his project Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier established pillars of Modern Architecture witch are:

-Piloti as the base of the building.

-Terraces

-Free facade

-Modulor : measurement system witch is proportional with human measurement

- - Beam and lintels as a dominate system of construction.

- - Horizontal raw of windows

- - Armed concrete as a principal material of construction

- Emphasis on function

-Rebellion against traditional styles

Le Corbusier presented his modern project Villa Savoye.

*Modern architectes:

-Le Corbusier

-Frank Lloyd Wright

-Mies Van der Rohe

Chapter I: Modernism

Modernism

Organic ArchitectureInternational style MinimalismBrutalism

Functionalism Formalism BauhausStructuralism

Chapter I: Modernism

1 -Structuralism:

Structuralism is based on the idea that all things are built from a system of signs and these signs are made up of opposites: male/female, hot/cold, old/young, etc. For Structuralists, design is a process of searching for the relationship between elements. Structuralists are also interested in the social

structures and mental processes that contributed to the design .Structuralist architecture will have a great deal of complexity within a highly structured framework. For example, a Structuralist design may consist of cell-

like honeycomb shapes ,

intersecting planes, cubed grids, or densely clustered spaces with courtyards.

The Berlin Holocaust Memorial is a Structuralist work by Peter Eisenmann

The Bank of China Tower, 1990, by Pritzker Prize-winning architect

Ieoh Ming Pei

As the name suggests, Formalism emphasizes form. The architect is interested in visual relationships between the building parts and the work as a whole. Shape, often on a monumental scale, is the focus of attention. Lines

and rigid geometric shapes predominate in Formalist architecture .

You will find Formalism in many Modernist buildings, especially in Bauhaus and International Style architecture. Architect I.M. Pei has often been praised for the "elegant formalism" of his works.

2 -Formalism:

Chapter I: Modernism

3 -Functionalism:

The Functionalist Yale Center for British Art in New Haven designed by the architect Louis I. Kahn

Louis Sullivan who coined the phrase "form follows function," and other architects were striving for "honest" approaches to building design that focused on functional efficiency. Functionalist architects believed that the ways buildings are used and the types of materials available should determine the

design .Of course, Louis Sullivan lavished his buildings with ornamental details that did not serve any functional purpose. The philosophy of functionalism was followed more closely by

Bauhaus and International Style architects .Toward the end of the 20th century, the term Functionalism was used to describe any practical structure that was quickly constructed for purely practical purposes without an eye for artistry. However, for Bauhaus and other early Functionalists, the concept was a liberating philosophy that freed architecture

from frilly excesses of the past .

Chapter I: Modernism

Bauhaus is a German expression meaning house for building. In 1919, the economy in Germany was collapsing after a crushing war. Architect Walter Gropius was appointed to head a new institution that would help rebuild the country and form a new social order. Called the Bauhaus, the Institution called for a new "rational" social housing for the workers. Bauhaus architects rejected "bourgeois" details such as cornices, eaves, and decorative details. They wanted to use principles of Classical architecture in their most pure form: without ornamentation of

any kind .

Bauhaus buildings have flat roofs, smooth facades, and cubic shapes. Colors are white, gray, beige, or black. Floor plans are

open and furniture is functional .

The Bauhaus school disbanded when the Nazis rose to power. Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and other Bauhaus leaders migrated to the United States. The term International Style was applied to the American form of Bauhaus architecture.

4 -Bauhaus:

The Bauhaus Gropius House in Lincoln, Massachusetts

Chapter I: Modernism

5 -International style:

Le Corbusier's United Nations Secretariat building over-

looks the New York City skyline along the East River.

International Style is a term often used to describe Bauhaus architecture in the United States. The name came from the book The International Style by historian and critic Henry-Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson. The book was published in 1932 in conjunction with an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The term is again used in a later book,

International Architecture, by Walter Gropius .While German Bauhaus architecture had been concerned with the social aspects of design, America's International Style became a symbolism of Capitalism: The International Style is the favored architecture for office buildings, and is also found in upscale homes

built for the rich .One of the most famous examples of the International Style is the United Nations Secretariat building, designed by the Bauhaus architect Le Corbusier. The smooth glass-sided slab dominates New York's skyline along the East River. The United Nations Secretariat building was completed in 1952

Chapter I: Modernism

6 -Brutalism:

The Paulo Mendes da Rocha Residence in São Paulo, Brazil by Paulo Mendes da Rocha, 2006 Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate

The term Brutalism was first used in the early 1950s to describe the simple concrete buildings designed by Le Corbusier. Stark and angular, Brutalism grew out of the International Style, but the designs may strike you as less refined. Brutalist buildings can be constructed

quickly and economically .Brutalist architecture has these features :

- Precast concrete slabs - Rough, unfinished surfaces

- Exposed steel beams - Massive, sculptural shapes

The Prizker Prize-winning architect Paulo Mendes da Rocha is often called a "Brazilian Brutalist" because his buildings are constructed of prefabricated and mass-produced concrete components. Shown here is his home in São Paulo, Brazil.

Chapter I: Modernism

7 -Minimalism :

The Minimalist Luis Barragan House, or Casa de Luis Barragán, was the home and studio of Mexican architect Luis Barragán. This building is a classic example of the Pritzker Prize Laureate's

use of texture, bright colors, and diffused light.

One important trend in Modernist architecture is the movement minimalist or reductivist design. Marks of Minimalism are :

-Buildings are stripped of all but the most essential elements - Emphasis is placed on the outline, or frame, of the structure

Interior walls are eliminated - Floor plans are open

-Lighting is used to dramatize lines and planes -The negative spaces around the structure are part of the

overall design .Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe paved the way for Minimalism when he said, "Less is more." Minimalist architects drew much of their inspiration from the elegant simplicity of traditional Japanese architecture. Minimalists were also inspired by a movement of early twentieth century Dutch artists known as De Stijl. Valuing simplicity and abstraction, De

Stijl artists used only straight lines and rectangular shapes .Architects known for Minimalist designs include :

-Tadao Ando -Luis Barragan

-Yoshio Taniguchi -Richard Gluckman

-Luis Barragán

Chapter I: Modernism

An example of Organic architecture: The Sydney Opera House, designed by Jørn Utzon, winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2003

Frank Lloyd Wright said that all architecture is organic, and the Art Nouveau architects of the early twentieth century incorporated curving, plant-like shapes into their designs. But in the later half of the twentieth century, Modernist architects took the concept of organic architecture to new heights. By using new forms of concrete and

cantilever trusses, architects could create swooping arches without visible beams or pillars .Organic buildings are never linear or rigidly geometric. Instead, wavy lines and curved shapes suggest natural forms .

* Exemples of Organic Modernism:

8- Organic Architecture:

Frank Lloyd Wright used shell-like spiral forms when he designed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City

Chapter II: Post- modernism

Philip Johnson's At&T Headquarters is often cited as an example of postmodernism. Many like however, is an oversized "Chippendale" pediment.

Postmodern architecture evolved from the modernist movement, yet contradicts many of the modernist ideas. Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise,

and even . Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways.

Buildings may incorporate symbols to make a or simply to delight the viewer .

The key ideas of Postmodernism are set forth in two important books by Robert Venturi: Complexity and Contradiction in

Architecture and Learning from Las Vegas .

*Postmodern Architects:

*Présentation of Post- modernism:

Robert Venturi Michel Graves Jean Nouvel

Chapter II: Post-Modernism

Post- Modernism

Déconstructivism High-techExpressionism and Neo-

expressionism

Zaha Hadid ,Vitra Factory

Frank Gehry

Rogers Richard, Lloyd's Building; London

Musée Guggenheim (Bilbao)

Erich Mendelsohn the Einstein Tower

Chapter II: Post-modernism

1 -Déconstructivism :

The basic elements of architecture deconstructivist are dismantles. Deconstructivist buildings may seem to have no visual logic. They may appear to be made up of unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida.

Rem Koolhaas, Zaha Hadid, Frank Gery are architects of This movement . The new main central branch of the

Seattle Public Library designed by Rem Koolhaas

2 -High- tech :

High-tech buildings are often called machine-like. Steel, aluminum, and glass combine with brightly colored braces, girders, and beams. Many of the building parts are prefabricated in a factory and assembled later. The support beams, duct work, and other functional elements are placed on the exterior of the building, where they become the focus of attention. The interior spaces are open and adaptable for many uses. The High-tech Centre Pompidou in Paris appears to be turned inside out, revealing its inner workings on the exterior façade.

Centre Pompidou in France by Richard Rogers, Renzo Piano, and Gianfranco

Franchini.

Chapter II: Post- modernism

3 -Expressionism and Neo-expressionism

The Einstein Tower, Erich Mendelsohn.

Expressionism evolved from the work of avant garde artists and designers in Germany and other European countries during the first decades of the twentieth century.

Characteristics of Expressionism are :distorted shapes, fragmented lines, organic or biomorphic forms, massive sculpted shapes, extensive use of concrete and brick, lack of symmetry, red on paper but

never built .Neo-expressionism built upon expressionist ideas. Architects in the 1950s and 1960s designed buildings that expressed their feelings about the surrounding landscape. Sculptural forms suggested rocks and mountains. Organic and Brutalist architecture can often be described as Neo-expressionist.

*Expressionist and Neo-expressionist Architects: Gunther Domenig

Hans Scharoun Rudolf Steiner

Bruno Taut Erich Mendelsohn

Chapter III: Ecologic Architecture

At our days, we speak more about an ecologic Architecture and HQE building wich include in the movement of sustainble development. HQE buildings achieve thermical comfort without be harmful agains environement by

minimizing energic consumption .

.

2 -Sustainable development.

It is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment. so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. The term was used by the Brundtlan Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet

their own needs".Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity. As early as the 1970s "sustainability" was employed to describe an economy

" in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems." Ecologists have pointed to the “limits of growth” and presented the alternative of a “steady state economy” in order to address environmental concerns.

Sustainable development is included in many domains: economie, sociologie, architecture, urbanism,… It concerne, too, every gesture of our daily life.

1 -Ecologic Architecture:

Conclusion

References

Every human idea contains in its essence causes of its faillure.

New ideas born after decadence of ancients. In this way, architecture was developed step by step, day by day, during history.

www. Google. fr

Encarte 2008

Dicos Encarta

Post- Modernism Modernism Ecologic Architecture