ASSRIA• In much of history, we learn about the rise and fall of many

empires. Specifically, we learn about the factors that are catalysts in setting off chain reactions leading to civilizations. The Assyrian Empire had much in common with previous empires but what set it apart was its sheer skill on the battlefield. It was this aggressive behavior that became the reputation of the Assyrians. Their ruthlessness is what led to their rise and in some sense to their downfall. By studying this empire, we learn about how geography, military organization, and kings played key roles in the Assyrian Empire’s continental domination, art, religion, technology, and its eventual demise.

To what extent did the Assyrians develop their aggressive behavior???

• The Assyrians’ homeland’s lack of natural boundaries caused them to become violent in order to protect themselves from invaders. This violent behavior led them to create an army that excelled in conquering other peoples. Without this aggression, the empire would not have expanded as it did.

CLIMATE

• - The winters in central Assyria were cold and rainy but generally did not last long nor have a strong impact.

• - Along the mountain tract (from western Assyria to the North) the climate was very different than central Assyria due to the altitude difference.

• - The mountain tract was very close to Armenia which had a large abundance of snow and long winters.

• - In winter, the mountain tract at times experienced temperatures several degrees below zero.

• - The snow that fell on the tract would stick, making the spring wet and stormy. The autumns were fairly good.

• - West of the mountain tract (around Orfah and Harran) the temperatures were unnaturally high.

• - The general climate of Assyria tended to be on the dry side, making it difficult for agriculture.

Figure 1

GEOGRAPHY

• -The Assyrian Empire stretched no less than a total of 75,000 square miles, over a span of four countries.

• -The heart of Assyria was in northern Mesopotamia which is modern day Iraq.

• -The part of the empire that extended into Syria lays west to that of the Euphrates River.

• -In Turkey, the empire extended North to Harran, Diyarbakir, Edessa and Lake Van.

• -The Assyrian empire was also present in parts of Iran, specifically east to Lake Urmi and in Iraq it extended south of Kirkuk.

• -Outside of Assyria, to the north, lies two mountain ranges, the Taurus and Zagros.

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

GEOGRAPHY

• -In the southern point of Assyria there is alluvium which is clay, silt or gravel that is left behind by flowing bodies of water. In this area the alluvium comes from the Tigris River.

• -Further south of the alluvium area there is insufficient rainfall making it necessary for irrigation.

• -The Tigris and mountain ranges provided a boundary between Assyria and the land that was south of it, Assyria mostly laid out like a flat plain.

• -The main rivers, the Tigris, the Euphrates, Upper and Lower Zab (branches of the Tigris) were enclosed by Nineveh which was Assyria’s capital, and Ashur, Arbel, Arrapkha and Nimrod (other Assyrian cities).

Figure 5

Figure 6

RISE OF A WARRIOR PEOPLE

• - Though Assyria expanded over many countries and had many natural features such as rivers and mountains, it was overall a flat plain. This left the land vulnerable to attacks.

• - Nomadic people took advantage of Assyria’s flat land and constantly invaded the territory.

• - The Assyrians were, at first, not prepared to defend themselves but learned to physically protect themselves in time.

• - The Assyrians built an army for protection.

• - Cumulatively their behavior became more aggressive as a defense.

• - The army became more skilled as they learned from their mistakes. Ranks within the army began to form. Foot soldiers were usually in the front and nobles in the back.

• - The deficiency in adequate natural protection led the Assyrians to develop a war lust and talent for battle, later being the power behind the expansion of Assyria.

Figure 7

CLIMATE• - The climate is hard to generalize because of

the extent of the empire.• - The Zagros Mountains (in the eastern part of

Assyria) had constant snow on the summits.• - The climate to the east of Assyria was

generally cooler than the land to the west of the Tigris.

• - Western Assyria had hot summers but breezes helped balance the heat.

• - There was sufficient rainfall in the area west of the Tigris, helpful concerning the agriculture.

• - The winters in eastern Assyria were severe.• - The southern part of Assyria rarely differed

from that of Babylonia which had extremely hot summers and and frosty but not very cold winters.

• - Central Assyria had a climate that is quite cooler than that of the area that connects it to Babylonia.

• - During the summer in central Assyria the temperatures were very hot, the mornings being the most agreeable.

• - The best season in central Assyria was the spring though thunder and lighting storms were frequent and extreme. After the storms the skies would clear up and once again everything was mild. Autumn was favored next followed by Winter.

Figure 8

TERRITORIES THEY CONQUERED

• - Babylonia was conquered in 648 B.C.

• - Syria was taken over between 850 and 650 B.C.

• - Within the same time period that Syria was taken over Palestine was conquered between 850 and 650 B.C.

• - The northern part of Israel was conquered in 841 B.C.

• - Samaria was conquered in 722 B.C.

• - Egypt was conquered in 670 B.C. which led them to expand into parts of Africa.

Figure 9

To what extent did Assyrian war methods affect their expansion and rule???

The brutal and strategic ways the Assyrian government ruled enabled them to control and extend their empire.

Influential Kings

Figure 1

Assyrian kings built the empire stretching from the east and north of the Tigris River to central Egypt.

Ashurnaspiral II (884- 859 BCE) -- Ashurnaspiral II was one of the most successful military kings of Assyria.

Sennacherib (704- 681 BC) -- Sennacherib was a brutal king who bragged about burning Babylon, sacking 89 cities and 820 villages and killing off most of its inhabitants. He also established the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, along the Tigris river. It was about a mile wide and about three miles long and was the largest cities of its day.

(cont.)

Influential Kings (cont.)

Tiglath III (745- 727 BC) -- Tiglath III started the important Assyrian practice of deporting rebellious people to other parts of the empire. That tactic was used to break up any patriotic feelings among the conquered people that might pose a threat to the Assyrian empire.

King Ashurbanipal (668-627 BC) -- Ashurbanipal had one of the largest libraries of the ancient world and was able to read in several different languages. He had a collection of more than 25,000 clay tablets from throughout the Fertile Crescent. The dictionary tablets he collected later on helped archaeologists and scholars to better understand the Mesopotamian writing. He also helped conquer the southern upper part of Egypt. After the reign of Ashurbanipal, Assyria fell into another period of weakness and its capitals fell.

Government

Around 650 BC, the Assyrian empire took over almost all of Southwest Asia. Officials ruled the land that are closest to Assyria as provinces and made them into dependent provinces. These dependent provinces were ruled by chosen rulers. The Assyrian army helped protect these territories from attacks and invasions.

The Assyrian governed their empire by taxing the territories. This not only helped kings control the territories, but it also brought in money and tribute to the empire. If territories refuse to pay, the Assyrians will destroy their cities and send the conquered people into exile. This was a brutal but efficient and effective way of governing and extending an empire.

War Strategies

Figure 2

The Assyrian army’s battle techniques made them to greatest power in Southwest Asia.

The Army would start out by weakening the enemies by digging beneath the city walls. Afterwards, an army of foot soldiers, a trained cavalry, and the generals march into the battlefield. Foot soldiers would approach the city walls and sting their bows. When given the signal, they would release a shower of arrows over the wall of the surrounded city. While this was happening, another group of troops will force the city gates open. As soon as the gates open, they would kill or enslave everything in sight.

Soldiers received an award for severed heads, so many of the victims were beheaded.

Important Battles Figure 3

At around 850 B.C., The Assyrians took over a large empire by brute force and its powerful army. This was the beginning of its powerful reign.

Between 850-650 B.C., the Assyrian king conquered Babylonia, Syria, and Palestine. By doing so, the Assyrian rule extended into Egypt and Anatolia. Conquering Egypt helped extend the Assyrian empire into North Africa. By 650 B.C., the Assyrian Empire included Southwest Asia, most of the center of civilizations and was still expanding.

The downfall of the Assyrian Empire occurred in 612 B.C. after King Ashurbanipal’s death. A combined army of Medes, Chaldeans, and others attacked the capital, Nineveh. Theses armies burned the entire city thoroughly and torched Nineveh's grand library. Although this was devastating to the Assyrians, many people in the region rejoiced.

To what extent did the Assyrian governmental system affect its culture at the highest and lowest moments of its history???

With the same harsh and brutal governmental system, the Assyrian

Empire was both brought to its peak, and to its demise. The Assyrians

experienced a cultural height of rich artistry, religion, and technology as well

as a downfall.

11/25/08/Users/Abby/Documents/9TH GRADE HOMEWORK!/Global/Assyria Powerpoint Project/Final Project/Assyria- Abigail, Cassidy, Xiao Xiao, Fannie Period 1.pptpage 16

ArtistryAssyrian art forms and

craftsmanship: -architects, designers, sculptors, metallurgists, engravers, upholsterers,workers in ivory, glass-blowers, embroiderers of dresses

-Excavations of cities like Nimrud, Khorsabad, and Koyunjik reveal:

vases, jars, bronzes, glass bottles, carved ornaments in ivory and mother-of-pearl, engraved gems, bells, dishes, earrings, arms, working implements, etc.

figure 1

11/25/08/Users/Abby/Documents/9TH GRADE HOMEWORK!/Global/Assyria Powerpoint Project/Final Project/Assyria- Abigail, Cassidy, Xiao Xiao, Fannie Period 1.pptpage 17

Sculptures and Wall Carvings-Archeological excavations on the sites of the capital city of Nineveh and other Assyrian cities reveal remains of detailed carved sculptures and wall carvings depicting their government's harsh war operations and lion hunting.

figure 2 figure 3

11/25/08/Users/Abby/Documents/9TH GRADE HOMEWORK!/Global/Assyria Powerpoint Project/Final Project/Assyria- Abigail, Cassidy, Xiao Xiao, Fannie Period 1.pptpage 18

Cylinder Seals

Cylinder seals for documents became an art form with detailed patterns and shapes.

figure 4

11/25/08/Users/Abby/Documents/9TH GRADE HOMEWORK!/Global/Assyria Powerpoint Project/Final Project/Assyria- Abigail, Cassidy, Xiao Xiao, Fannie Period 1.pptpage 19

Palaces

Assyrian Kings built lavish palaces full of wall carvings, statues, and other art forms.

Even just a pavement slab was ornate and detailed. (from the northern palace, Koyunjik)

figure 5

ReligionReligion - Assyrians believed in a Polytheistic religion- Assyrians believed in a Polytheistic religion - Their highest god was called - Their highest god was called AsshurAsshur -- Revered as:Revered as: “ “the great Lord,” the great Lord,” ““the King of all the Gods” the King of all the Gods” ““he who rules supreme over the Gods.”he who rules supreme over the Gods.” It was believed he chose the Assyrian monarchs, controlled their It was believed he chose the Assyrian monarchs, controlled their

reign, and protected their armiesreign, and protected their armies Kings prayed to him for success. They ruled in his service, and Kings prayed to him for success. They ruled in his service, and

invaded other empires to spread his worship. invaded other empires to spread his worship. No temples were found specifically in his name No temples were found specifically in his name so it was inferred that so it was inferred that

he was a he was a national deity that could share any temple or shrine with a national deity that could share any temple or shrine with a lower level godlower level god

figure 6figure 6

Other GodsOther Gods Because Assyrians believed in polytheism, there were many Because Assyrians believed in polytheism, there were many

lower gods besides Asshur forlower gods besides Asshur for aspects of the universe. aspects of the universe. Examples:Examples: Shamas- SUN GOD Shamas- SUN GOD Sin -MOON GODSin -MOON GOD Nergal- God OF WARNergal- God OF WAR Ninip- GOD OF HUNTING- Ninip- GOD OF HUNTING-

! depicted in artwork of the lion hunt. depicted in artwork of the lion hunt. Vul- WIELDER OF THE THUNDERBOLTVul- WIELDER OF THE THUNDERBOLT Assyrians also had females goddesses most of whom were Assyrians also had females goddesses most of whom were

paired and dependent on their male counterpartspaired and dependent on their male counterparts

figure 7

Temples and RitualsTemples and Rituals Every major city had a Every major city had a

large temple -home for large temple -home for a god or goddess and a god or goddess and place of holy place of holy communicationcommunication

During hard times, During hard times, people would confess people would confess their sins in humbleness their sins in humbleness and pray for help from and pray for help from the deitythe deity

Structure of templeStructure of temple Outdoor courtyard with Outdoor courtyard with fountains for ceremonial fountains for ceremonial washing and altars for washing and altars for sacrificesacrificeIndoors was the house of Indoors was the house of the god represented by a the god represented by a statue- only certain people statue- only certain people could entercould enter

Assyrians sacrificed animals and precious goods, like stone and rare Assyrians sacrificed animals and precious goods, like stone and rare metals, from countries conquered in their expansion.metals, from countries conquered in their expansion.

figure 8

Festivals and Belief about DeathFestivals and Belief about Death

There were daily temple rituals as well as more There were daily temple rituals as well as more important monthly and annual ceremonies. important monthly and annual ceremonies. New Year Festival- Akitu- 11 days of lavish New Year Festival- Akitu- 11 days of lavish celebration that closed with marriage.celebration that closed with marriage.Bleak view of death- Assyrians simply believed that Bleak view of death- Assyrians simply believed that souls would enter the underworld- no paradise or souls would enter the underworld- no paradise or reward for the righteousreward for the righteous

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY-Architecture-Architecture

Many great warriors were also Many great warriors were also skilled builders- King skilled builders- King SennacheribSennacherib established established Nineveh. -Walls spanned three Nineveh. -Walls spanned three miles long and one wide- miles long and one wide- largest city of its time.largest city of its time.

Mud, brick, and stone was used Mud, brick, and stone was used for construction of humble for construction of humble houses and buildings- one story houses and buildings- one story with flat roofs.with flat roofs.

Huge palaces stood on massive platforms of 2-foot inscribed brick.

Levelled terraces and staircases surrounded the grounds of:

courts, small private apartments, magnificent grand halls- Sennacherib's son built one with an area over 1000 square feet

The Assyrian ground plans were additionally advanced because they characterized by straight and parallel lines.

figure 9

Army/WarArmy/WarThe Assyrians had The Assyrians had superior iron-manufacturing superior iron-manufacturing techniquestechniques which they put to use in their weapons which they put to use in their weapons technology. technology.

Padded loincloths, leather skirts with a layer of metal scales, Padded loincloths, leather skirts with a layer of metal scales, iron swords, helmets, spears, shields (for infantry, archers, iron swords, helmets, spears, shields (for infantry, archers, and spear throwers)and spear throwers)

Technical skillTechnical skill - water-blockage - water-blockage ~~ pontoons pontoons

Bridges of inflated animal skin tied together and Bridges of inflated animal skin tied together and connected to the shore with beams connected to the shore with beams Built roadways at the ends that they supported with Built roadways at the ends that they supported with

stones, brush, and clay.stones, brush, and clay.

Cultural Institutions/LiteratureCultural Institutions/LiteratureNineveh held one of the Nineveh held one of the world's largest librariesworld's largest libraries

King Ashurbanipal took King Ashurbanipal took pride in reading multiple pride in reading multiple languages.languages.

Accumulated >25,000 clay Accumulated >25,000 clay tablets from the fertile tablets from the fertile crescent. crescent. ~ ~ dictionaries with dictionaries with definitions in multiple definitions in multiple languages. languages.

The findings aided scholars in The findings aided scholars in understanding Mesopotamian understanding Mesopotamian writing in mid-1800's.writing in mid-1800's.

First, Assyrians used cuneiform First, Assyrians used cuneiform alphabet on clay tablets alphabet on clay tablets (borrowed from Babylonians) (borrowed from Babylonians)

Eventually, it became popular Eventually, it became popular to write in Aramaic script on to write in Aramaic script on parchment. parchment.

Literature topics included legal Literature topics included legal issues, medicine, and history issues, medicine, and history recordsrecords

figure 10

11/25/08/Users/Abby/Documents/9TH GRADE HOMEWORK!/Global/Assyria Powerpoint Project/Final Project/Assyria- Abigail, Cassidy, Xiao Xiao, Fannie Period 1.pptpage 28

Assyrian Downfall

Assyrian power spanned a large area but became thin, flimsy, and weak. The brutal behavior they used to conquer this area in war brought them many enemies.Ashurbanipal- last powerful leader- Nineveh fell after his death In 612 B.C. a combined army of two nations- Medes and Chaldeans- ransacked and burned the capital so extensively that two centuries in the future, its only remains are mounds. (Ironically, the burning preserved the library's clay tablets and commemorated a record of the regime)

11/25/08/Users/Abby/Documents/9TH GRADE HOMEWORK!/Global/Assyria Powerpoint Project/Final Project/Assyria- Abigail, Cassidy, Xiao Xiao, Fannie Period 1.pptpage 29

ReactionPeople were jubilant at the destruction of their

cruel government.Nahum, a Hebrew prophet is quoted from the bible:“And it shall come to pass, that all they that look upon

thee shall flee from thee, and say, Nineveh is laid waste: who will bemoan her? Whence shall I seek comforters for thee?...Thy shepherds slumber, O King of Assyria: thy nobles shall dwell in the dust: they people is scattered upon the mountains, and no man gathereth upon them”

To What Extent Did the Assyrian Empire Leave behind a legacy???

• The Assyrian Empire made a big impact on history through their harsh and brutal ways. They led many bloody conquests in order to control as much territory as they possibly could. They also ruled their citizens with total control. In addition, they made many advancements in the fields of science and warfare. Therefore, many peoples have looked up to them as a roll model, and their legacy of fierceness has still lived on.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Rebirth of BabylonRebirth of Babylon• King Nebuchadnezzar (c.630-c.561 • B.C.) (reigned c.605-c.561 B.C)• A great Chaldean King• He practiced expansionism, and conquered many lands

throughout Mesopotamia. • He rebuilt Babylon with new construction and

beautification.• He created temples, moats, walls, canals, and a ziggurat

over three hundred feet tall.• He built a terraced garden for his wife called the

“hanging gardens”, later renowned as one of the seven wonders of the world.

• The Downfall of the Chaldeans• The Chaldeans peacefully allowed the Persians to control

their empire • They were able to maintain their culture• Their languages, arts, government, religion, and beliefs

thrived• This was extremely different than the power of the

Assyrian Empire.• There were no killings, harsh taxes, or cruel laws

imposed.

Figure 3

Figure 4

The Great King Timeline…The Great King Timeline…Assyria Becomes a Great Empire

850 B.C.

------ 858-825 B.C. King Shalmaneser III- fierce military expansion- fought against Syrian, Babylonian and Israeli tribes- war broke out between two sons

------ 825-810 B.C. King Shamshi-Adad V- struggled to succeed Shalmaneser III- many revolts occurred during his reign- he signed a treaty with the king of Babylon

------ 810-783 B.C. King Adad-nirari III- very young - his mother ruled for the first several years of his reign- attempted to regain Assyria’s strength and order

------ 783-772 B.C. King Shalmaneser IV- influence of army commanders grew- defended Mesopotamia from the Armenians- Syria was lost to Damascus

------ 772-755 B.C. King Ashur-Dan III- many rebellions broke out - disease weakened the empire

------ 754-746 B.C. King Ashur-nirari III- little is known

Figure 5

Figure 6

……ContinuedContinued------ 745-747 B.C. King Tiglath-pileser III

- annexed Syria and Palestine- merged with the Babylonian Empire

------ 726-721 B.C. King Shalmaneser V- annexed Israel- He crushed the rebellion of Israel’s king

------ 721-705 B.C. King Sargon II-maintained control over previously annexed territories.-led conquests with intent to spread fear with might

------ 705-780 B.C King Sennacherib- made Nineveh his capital- beautified and extended the city- appears in the Old Testament

------ 680-669 B.C. King Esarhaddon- annexed Egypt- lost north-western provinces

------ 669-627 B.C. King Ashurbanipal- established enormous library of clay tablets- learned several languages

------ 627-612 B.C. King Sin-shar-ishkun- few inscriptions were made at this time- a combined force overthrew the empire

600 B.C.The Chaldeans

controlled Babylon

Figure 7

Figure 8

Event Timeline Event Timeline ------ c.850 B.C. much of Palestine and Syria were conquered

------ c.841 B.C. a large part of Israel was conquered

------ c.671 B.C. the city of Memphis was conquered

------ c.670 B.C. all of Egypt was annexed

------ c.722 B.C. Samaria was conquered

------ c. 721 B.C. land gained in Babylonia

------ c.710 B.C. land lost in Babylonia

------ c.702 B.C. Western Iran was conquered

------ c.701 B.C. Nineveh was made the capital

------ c.668 B.C. rebellions in Egypt were crushed

------ c.653 B.C. Babylon was burned and wrecked by southern tribes

------ c.650 B.C. Assyria reached its peak

------ c.648 B.C. much of Babylonia had been conquered

------ c.635 B.C. civil war greatly weakened the empire

c.612 B.CNineveh was demolished

Assyria became a mighty empire

c.850s B.C.

Figure 9

The Assyrians’ LegacyThe Assyrians’ Legacy• The Assyrian Empire was extremely harsh and brutal.• They Killed many people through their conquests.• They forced many people into exile.• They imposed large taxes on their citizens.• The Assyrian Empire made a large impact on history.• Many of their kings appear in the Old Testament as determined military leaders.• The English poet George Gordon, Lord Byron wrote the poem “The destruction of Sennacherib” which tells about their

violent conquests.• Many artists have made pieces influenced by the Assyrians’ brutal attitude such as EugèneDelacroix'sDeath of

Sardanapalusè . • King Ashurbanipal's libraries contain dictionary tablets that have helped us to learn and read early Mesopotamian writing.• The Greeks turned several Assyrian Kings into demigods.

Figure 10Figure 11

Figure 12

Bibliography• BetBasoo, Peter. "Brief History of Assyrians." 17 Nov 2008• <http://www.aina.org/aol/peter/brief.htm>.

• Hooker, Richard. "The Assyrians." Jewish Virtual Library. 1996. 15 Nov• 2008 <http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Assyrians.html>.

• Kjeilen, Tore. "Assyria." LOOKLEX ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 1996. 24 Nov 2008• <http://i-cias.com/e.o/assyria.htm>.

• Laessoe, Jorgen. "People of Ancient Assyria." 1963 A.D.. 17 Nov 2008• <http://www.aina.org/books/poaa/poaa.htm>.

Continued..• Littell, McDougal. “Assyria Dominates the Fertile Crescent.”World History Patterns of Interaction. 2001.

• “Mesopotamia, history of.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition. 14 Nov. 2008 http://library.eb.com/eb/article-55457

• Rawlinson, George. "Chapter 1. Description of the Country." The Seven• Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 2. (of 7):• Assyria. July 1, 2005. 15 Nov 2008• <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16162/16162-h/r2a.htm#2HCH0002>.

Term-Papers.us. 2005. Term-Papers.us. 25 Nov 2008 <http://www.term-papers.us/ts/ea/hsz167.shtml>

Xiao Xiao's Images• Fig 1. Zagros Mountains <http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/02/43802-004-

CADC6FC8.jpg>.• Fig 2. The Second Monarchy of Assyria <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16162/16162-

h/r2a.htm#image-0004>.• Fig 3. Assyrian Empire <http://www.truthnet.org/Daniel/Introduction/Assyrian_Empire.gif > • Fig 4. Map of Assyria <http://warandgame.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/800px-

map_of_assyria.png>.• Fig 5. Empire Assyria <http://www.britam.org/picturesYair/EmpireAssyriaHR2.jpg>. • Fig 6. Tigris River

<http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/00012/00012BBA.jpg>.

• Fig 7. <http://members.shaw.ca/veni/assyrians.jpg>.• Fig 8. <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.livius.org/a/iran/zagros/zagros-

1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.livius.org/za-zn/zagros/zagros.html&usg=duGWd4LK1AegVac46c1g1uod9M=&h=450&w=600&sz=44&hl=en&start=11&um=1&tbnid=PTPv5vifKscBjM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dzagros%2Bmountains%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7TSHA%26sa%3DN>.

• Fig 9. <http://www.stutzfamily.com/mrstutz/Maps/ancient/assyria.gif>.

Fannie's ImagesFigure 1-- Assyrian king-Nimrud." IconExperience.com. 2000-2008. Brothers in art. 25 Nov 2008

<http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.imhappyq.com/profile%2520images/Nimrud.jpg&imgrefurl=http://happyq.gfxartist.com/artworks/64471&usg=__FLmQAfF-700GEQb5QRhh-

jNt8Ws=&h=1097&w=716&sz=880&hl=en&start=4&sig2=nZjB1SJ1RL8FatF9DxGmvw&um=1&tbnid=QpJWFJwrgCEJjM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=98&ei=QoIsScS1G82omQf5-

4mGAw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dassyrian%2Bking%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1G1GGLQ_ENUS276%26sa%3DN>.

Figure 2-- Baerbock, Matt. "Elijah to Ezra." World Mission Collection. 2005. Blue Web Studios, LLC. 25 Nov 2008

<http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wmcwels.com/clipart/122.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.wmcwels.com/cgi-

bin/home.pl%3F/ClipArt/Vol1Elijah&h=927&w=1110&sz=79&tbnid=P4d0fkJZidoJ::&tbnh=125&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dassyrian%2Barmy&hl=en&usg=__TOMDKDKI5gXXOqhuEW

0LFt5whV8=&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=2&ct=image&cd=1>.

Figure 3-- "Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire." Wikipedia. 2008. Wikipedia. 25 Nov 2008 <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Assyrian_spearman_·_HHWI469.svg/300px-Assyrian_spearman_·_HHWI469.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Assyrian_Empire&usg=__HCmdxfap3RX-No7GGrz8fsqzwGs=&h=407&w=300&sz=89&hl=en&start=17&sig2=wyHAv0p-vctGIa1jmFu37g&um=1&tbnid=L2IxUGWbvlnE8M:&tbnh=125&tbnw=92&ei=s4QsSaTSHoOMmQeFg5SZAw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dassyrian%2Bbattle%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DN>.

Abigail's Images

• Figure 1- Assyrian King <http://www.stutzfamily.com/mrstutz/Maps/ancient/assyria.gif>• Figure 2- Assyrian Battle Scene <http://i-cias.com/e.o/assyria.htm• Figure 3-Assyrian King Hunting Lions<

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16653/16653-h/img/33.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16653/16653-h/16653-h.htm&usg=__zDv8lJJiicZOUq3-I8iR12TBF5E=&h=600&w=337&sz=28&hl=en&start=12&um=1&tbnid=i6JCQO2ygCileM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=76&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstatue%2Bof%2BAsshur%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us%26sa%3DN• Figure 4-Assyrian Seals<http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16162/16162-h/r2a.htm#2HCH0002• Figure 5-Pavement-slab, from the Northern Palace Koyunjik

<http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16162/16162-h/r2a.htm#2HCH0002• Figure 6- Asshur <http://www.biblepicturegallery.com/free/Pics/Asshur.gif• Figure 7-The God Ninip and Another Deity- Marble slab from Kouyunjik (Nineveh): now in the

British Museum- <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16653/16653-h/img/33.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16653/16653-h/16653-h.htm&usg=__zDv8lJJiicZOUq3

• Figure 8- Sacrificial Scene (from an obelisk found at Nimrud) <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16162/16162-h/r2a.htm#2HCH0002

• Figure 9- Assyrian Palace <http://karenswhimsy.com/public-domain-images/assyrian-empire/images/assyrian-empire-3.jpg

• Figure 10-Mold of an Assyrian Cuneiform Inscriptions <http://www.bethsuryoyo.com/images/GalleryPics/AssyrianClayTablets/WrTab2.html

Cassidy's Images• Fig 1. <http://www.biblepicturegallery.com/free/Pics/Hezekia3.gif>.• Fig 2. <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17326/17326-h/images/184.jpg>.• Fig 3. Chaldean Lion <http:/ /www.biblepicturegallery.com/free/Pics/Hezekia3.gif>.• Fig 4. <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/thumb/0/06/Assyrian_spearman_%C2%B7_HHWI469.svg/300pxAssyrian_spearman_%C2%B7_HHWI469.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Assyrian_Empire&usg=HCmdxfap3RXNo7GGrz8fsqzwGs=&h=407&w=300&sz=89&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=L2IxUGWbvlnE8M:&tbnh=125&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dassyrian%2Bwarrior%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7TSHA>.

• Fig 5. Assyrian King < http://www.stutzfamily.com/mrstutz/Maps/ancient/assyria.gif>. • Fig 6. Adad-nirari <http://www.truthnet.org/Biblicalarcheology/10/9Adad-nirari.jpg>.• Fig 7. King Ashurbanipal <http://webinstituteforteachers.org/~bobfinn/2003/ashurbanipal.jpg>.• Fig 8. <http://webinstituteforteachers.org/~bobfinn/2003/ashurbanipal.jpg>.• Fig 9. <http://www.guitarsite.com/1998images/History/AssyriaMap.gif>.• Fig 10. <http://members.shaw.ca/veni/assyrians.jpg>.• Fig 11. Assyrian Soldier<htt p://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=ht tp://upload.wikimedia.or

g/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Assyrian_spearman_%C2 %B7_HHWI469.svg/300pxAssyrian_spearman_%C2%B7_HHWI469.svg.png&imgrefurl=http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Assyrian_Empire&usg__HCmdxfap3RXNo7GGrz8fsqzwGs=&h=407&w=30 0&sz=89&hl=en&start =5&um=1&tbnid=L2IxUGWbvlnE8M:&tbnh=125&t bnw=92&prev=/ images%3Fq%3Dass yrian%2Bsoldier%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7TSHA%26sa%3DN>.

• Fig 12. Death of Sardanapal usè 350x400('''Descripti on:''' La Mort de Sardanapa le by Eugène Delacroix<br / >'''Source:''' [http:// perso.wanadoo.f r/delhistoiredelart /19eme_peinture/19art /eugene_delacroix.htm De l'histoire de l'art]<br / >'''License:''' {{PD}})