HARMONY

TONES Harmony is two or more Tones being played

in unison. Melody is s series of one notes. Harmony is vertical, Melody is Horizonal.

If the Melody that an istrument plays is the same as the melody that the Singer sings we call this monophony.

If there is two melodies, we call this polyphony.

If there is a chord being played inwich the note being sung is part of the scale of the chord this is Homonphony.

KEYS “Keys” have a surname as well as a fist name. d:

= Dminor, D: = Dmajor. Move the major 3rd to a minor third to switch between the two.

Major or minor They are not the same.

Do Mi So, Do Me So

“Keys” have relatives. i.e. the relative minor or the Paralele Minor.

The Paralel has the same Root, and the same

Signature.

The Relative has the same Scale, and is 3 half steps lower. It is the most harmonic.

SI ♯= D O

KEY SIGNATURES AND RELATIVE MINORS

KEY SIGNATURES AND PARALELL MINORS

MUSICAL NOTES IN SINGINGTwo types of solfedge, stationary or movable do, we will use movable do. DO RE MI FA SOL LA TI DO

If we are in the Key of C DO is CC D E F G A Ba: uses the same scale but A is DO and B is raise a half step to B#

If we are in G DO is GG A B C D E F#e: uses the same scale but E is DO and D is raise a half step to D#

PIANO KEYBOARD

SCALES A Scale has two tetra chords. Tonic and Dominant.

The first on is Whole Step, Whole Step, Half Step The Second is W, W, W H.

Only the Notes of the scale in that Key are Chord Tones. Others are called Non-Chord Tones. You just fallow the series to find the Chord Tones in any Key.

Like this

Root 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8thTonic, Mediant Dominant Leading Tone Super Tonic Sub Dominant Sub Mediant Octave

MUSICAL NOTES

Chromatic Solfedge

INTERVALS Movement Intervals of a 5th are remembered by the acrostic “Father

Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle.” And its reverse. Intervals are the distance between two notes. The “Tonic” note is always the bottom note of a triad in root

position. Major intervals. Youtube.com/jcmorse563 “eartraining”

M2 – (Ascend)Happy Birthday, (Desc)Three Blind mice (Super Tonic ii, ii0) V Major, v minor

M3 – Walls of Montezuma, Beetoveen’s 5th (Mediant iii, III) P4 – Amazing Grace, Born Free((Sub Dominant, IV, iv) Tritone -- YYZ P5 – Space 2001, Superman Theme(Dominant, V) M6 – NBC Theme, Over there (Sub Mediant, vi, VI) M7 – Theme Fantasy Island, Willow weep for me (Leading Tone, vii0)

M8 (octave) – Somewhere Over the Rainbow Minor intervals

m2 – Jaws, Jurasic Park m3 -Greensleves, Say can you see m6 – Tonight we are young, Theme to Love Story M7– Star trek, Watermelon manhttp://www.earmaster.com/products/free-tools/interval-song-chart-generator.htmlhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTWMUPtQ4mk

CIRCLE OF FIFTHS

KEY SIGNATURE

KEY SIGNATURES A key signature is a series of sharp or flat symbols placed on

the staff, that are to be consistently played one semitone higher or lower than the equivalent natural notes unless otherwise altered with an accidental.

Key signatures are generally written immediately after the clef at the beginning of a line of musical notation, although they can appear in other parts of a score, notably after a double barline.

A key signature will have either sharps or flats, but there will not be any key signatures with both.

To determine the key based on the key signature: If the key signature has sharps, look at the position of the last sharp and raise

it by a half-step to get the key. For example, if the last sharp is C, raise it a half step which is D, the key is D major.

When the key signature has flats, simply look at the second to the last flat and you get the key. So for example A flat is the second to the last flat sign in the key signature, this means the music is in A flat major.

The exception to this rule is F major because it only has one flat and C major because it has no flats or sharps.

1. 2. 3. 4 . 5. 6. 7. 8.

The Basic Chord Type is Called the Triad, and is made by starting at the tonic, then Go Up a Major Third (2 steps, 4 half steps) and then a minor Third (1.5 steps, or 3 half steps) the 1rst,3rd and 5th.

To make a Dominant Chord a Dominant Seventh add the note that is 1.5 steps or a minor third above the 5th

V V6 V 4\2

The Triad Positions, if it were a seventh chord there would be one more available. And written like the followings

Root V7 2nd inv V 6\5 3rd inv V4\3 4th inv V2

DYNAMICS Dynamics refers to the volume of a note/piece/sound The two basic dynamic indications in music are:

p or piano, meaning "soft" f  or forte, meaning "loud"

More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by: mp, standing for mezzo-piano, meaning "moderately soft" mf, standing for mezzo-forte, meaning "moderately loud“ pp “pianissimo” meaning “very soft” ff “fortissimo” meaning “very loud”

Two Italian words are used to show gradual changes in volume. Crescendo, abbreviated cresc., translates as "gradually becoming louder", and diminuendo, abbreviated dim., means "gradually becoming softer". The alternate decrescendo, abbreviated to decresc., also means "gradually becoming softer“.

TEMPO Tempo (Italian for time) is the speed/pace of a given piece.

The tempo of a piece will typically be written at the start of a piece of music, and is usually indicated in beats per minute (BPM). This means that a particular note value (for example, a quarter note or crotchet) is specified as the beat, and the marking indicates that a certain number of these beats must be played per minute. The greater the tempo, the larger the number of beats that must be played in a minute is, and, therefore, the faster a piece must be played. 

Basic Tempo Markings: Largo – broadly (40–50 BPM) Adagio – slow/stately (literally, "at ease") (51–60 BPM) Adagietto – rather slow (61–80 BPM) Andante – at a walking pace (61–80 BPM) Moderato – moderately (81–90 BPM) Allegro – fast, quickly and bright (105–132 BPM) Presto – very fast (168–177 BPM)

CHANGES IN TEMPO & ARTICULATION Accelerando – speeding up (abbreviation: accel.) Rallentando – gradual slowing down (abbreviation: rall.) or

broadening of tempo Ritardando – slowing down gradually; (abbreviations: rit., ritard.) Rubato – free adjustment of tempo for expressive purposes a tempo – in time; return to the main tempo of the piece (often

after an accelerando or ritardando, etc.) Staccato (Italian for detached) signifies a note of shortened

duration, separated from the note that may follow by silence.

Legato (Italian for "tied together") indicates that musical notes are played or sung smoothly and connected

Slur - a curved line used to indicate that notes should be interpretted as a phrase and often in one breath.

CODAS Coda (Italian for "tail") designates a passage that brings a

piece/movement to an end. It may be as simple as a few measures, or as complex as an entire section.

Da Capo meaning from the beginning. It is often abbreviated D.C. 

Dal Segno meaning from the sign. It is often abbreviated D.S

Segno Coda

CODAS Da Capo al Fine (D.C. al Fine): repeat from beginning to the

end (or up to the word fine, should that appear at the end of the passage – the word fine itself signifying “end”).

Dal Segno al Fine (D.S. al Fine): repeat from beginning to the end (or up to the word fine should that appear at the end of the passage – the word fine itself signifying “end”).

CODAS Da Capo al Coda (D.C. al Coda): repeat from beginning to an

indicated place and then play the tail part (the coda).

Dal Segno al Coda (D.S. al Coda): instructs the musician to repeat back to the sign, and when Al coda or To coda is reached jump to the coda symbol

READING AN OCTAVO

TitleTitle Page NumberPage Number Repeat BeginningRepeat Beginning Repeat EndingRepeat Ending DynamicsDynamics Measure NumberMeasure Number ChordChord Time SignatureTime Signature Key SignatureKey Signature StaccatoStaccato ““Slide”Slide” Treble ClefTreble Clef Bass ClefBass Clef TempoTempo

READING AN OCTAVO

TitleTitle Page NumberPage Number Repeat BeginningRepeat Beginning Repeat EndingRepeat Ending DynamicsDynamics Measure NumberMeasure Number ChordChord Time SignatureTime Signature Key SignatureKey Signature StaccatoStaccato ““Slide”Slide” Treble ClefTreble Clef Bass ClefBass Clef TempoTempo