Be HealthyBe Healthy

Evolution in Medical ScienceEvolution in Medical Science

Made By:Aashay Dosi

Group Name: Modern Science

Introduction All of us would like to stay healthy. To do that we

must eat clean, healthy and fresh fruits, vegetables, salads and even leafy vegetables so that we can be safe from diseases. We must exercise daily and take precautions against diseases. Medical Science is very advanced today. That is why we live longer than our ancestors. Let us know and learn about developments in the field of medicine.

Clinical Thermometer A clinical thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the

Human Body. It measures the temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius. It was invented by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in 1715. The normal temperature of the human body is 98.4 F or 37 C. When the body temperature goes above level, it is said that we have fever. Before the invention of thermometer, doctors judged the degree of fever either by touching the body or by feeling the pulse. A thermometer is put in the mouth or the armpit of the patient for a few seconds and an accurate reading is obtained. It helps the doctor in treating the patient properly. The scale marked on the thermometer ranges between 95 F and 110 F. Some thermometers have both analog and digital are available

Stethoscope Stethoscope Stethoscope is a device used by physicians to listen to the Stethoscope is a device used by physicians to listen to the

sounds inside to the sounds inside the body tells us about the sounds inside to the sounds inside the body tells us about the functioning of the heart and lungs. Generally, these sounds functioning of the heart and lungs. Generally, these sounds originate from heart ,lungs, abdomen and blood vessels. Very originate from heart ,lungs, abdomen and blood vessels. Very often , valuable information about the disorders in certain parts often , valuable information about the disorders in certain parts of the body can be obtained through observing the changes in of the body can be obtained through observing the changes in sounds. For instance, a change in the sounds made by the rushing sounds. For instance, a change in the sounds made by the rushing of blood through the heart valves or by the closing of valves, of blood through the heart valves or by the closing of valves, may give important clues to different heart diseases. Similarly, may give important clues to different heart diseases. Similarly, an abnormality in the sounds made by the air in the wind-pipe an abnormality in the sounds made by the air in the wind-pipe and airways in the lungs, may indicate certain lung disorders. and airways in the lungs, may indicate certain lung disorders. Stethoscope was invented by a French doctor, Rene T.H. Stethoscope was invented by a French doctor, Rene T.H. Laennec in 1815. It was a 1-foot –long hollow wooden cylinder. In Laennec in 1815. It was a 1-foot –long hollow wooden cylinder. In 1819, he published these conclusions in the form of the book 1819, he published these conclusions in the form of the book titled, De L’ Auscultation Mediate, as soon stethoscope came titled, De L’ Auscultation Mediate, as soon stethoscope came into general use.into general use.

A microscope is an optical instrument that is used for A microscope is an optical instrument that is used for viewing very minute objects , which minute objects, viewing very minute objects , which minute objects, which cannot be seen by naked eye. Simple which cannot be seen by naked eye. Simple microscope or magnifying glass comprising of the microscope or magnifying glass comprising of the single converging lens was known in ancient times. But single converging lens was known in ancient times. But the first compound microscope was invented by a the first compound microscope was invented by a Dutch spectacle-maker, Zacharias Janssen, around Dutch spectacle-maker, Zacharias Janssen, around 1590. Compound microscopes using ‘achromatic’ lenses 1590. Compound microscopes using ‘achromatic’ lenses were made in 1840s. In simple words, microscope is an were made in 1840s. In simple words, microscope is an instrument used for producing enlarged images of instrument used for producing enlarged images of very small objects. Today microscopes are used to very small objects. Today microscopes are used to see magnified images of bacteria, cells of living see magnified images of bacteria, cells of living beings and many other minute objects and study their beings and many other minute objects and study their structurestructure

MicroscopeMicroscope

New MachinesNew Machines Scientist and doctors all over the world Scientist and doctors all over the world

are working to develop new and are working to develop new and advanced machines to understand what advanced machines to understand what goes on inside the human body. X-ray, goes on inside the human body. X-ray, Ultra-sound, CAT scan, MRI Machine, Ultra-sound, CAT scan, MRI Machine, Electroshock machine and Electroshock machine and Electroencephalogram (EEG), PET Electroencephalogram (EEG), PET machine and ECG machines help doctors machine and ECG machines help doctors to find the condition of different to find the condition of different organs in our body. organs in our body.

ECG MachineECG Machine• The ECG is the most commonly performed cardiac The ECG is the most commonly performed cardiac

test. This is because the ECG is a useful screening test. This is because the ECG is a useful screening tool for a variety of cardiac abnormalities; ECG tool for a variety of cardiac abnormalities; ECG machines are readily available in most medical machines are readily available in most medical facilities; and the test is simple to perform, risk-free facilities; and the test is simple to perform, risk-free and inexpensive. and inexpensive. How is the ECG performed?How is the ECG performed?

• You will lie on an examination table, and 10 electrodes You will lie on an examination table, and 10 electrodes (or leads) are attached to your arms, legs, and chest. (or leads) are attached to your arms, legs, and chest. The electrodes detect the electrical impulses The electrodes detect the electrical impulses generated by your heart, and transmit them to the generated by your heart, and transmit them to the ECG machine. The ECG machine produces a graph (the ECG machine. The ECG machine produces a graph (the ECG tracing) of those cardiac electrical impulses. The ECG tracing) of those cardiac electrical impulses. The electrodes are then removed. The test takes less electrodes are then removed. The test takes less than 5 minutes to perform. than 5 minutes to perform.

Electroencephalogram (EEC)An instrument called electroencephalogram is used to record the electrical activity of the brain. EEC is a bio-medical process of recording minute electric currents produced by the brains of human beings and other animals. This was discovered by Hans Berger of Jene (now in East Germany) in 1929, and found to have important clinical significance in the diagnosis of brain diseases. EEG has proved to be very useful for studying the working of the brain and detecting many brain diseases. A doctor can figure out the working of a person’s brain by looking at the pattern of the graph. ‘Coma’ conditions can be studied from EEGs. Nowadays, CAT scanning is more frequently used, as it has been found to be more useful than EEG. Better than IAT is MRI which gives better information of brain disorders.

CAT Scan CAT Scan The Cat SCAN machine was invented by Hounsfield, and is The Cat SCAN machine was invented by Hounsfield, and is

basically an xray tube that rotates in a circle around the patient basically an xray tube that rotates in a circle around the patient making many pictures as it rotates. The multiple xray pictures making many pictures as it rotates. The multiple xray pictures are reconstructed by a computer in axial slice images sort of are reconstructed by a computer in axial slice images sort of like the way a loaf of bread is sliced. Each slice of bread can be like the way a loaf of bread is sliced. Each slice of bread can be examined separately.examined separately.

This is a typical CAT SCAN Machine - notice the hole in the This is a typical CAT SCAN Machine - notice the hole in the middle of the gantrymiddle of the gantry

The CAT Scan machine looks like a large DONUT standing The CAT Scan machine looks like a large DONUT standing up (called the gantry) on its side with a table going though the up (called the gantry) on its side with a table going though the center of it. The patient lies on the table as the table is moved center of it. The patient lies on the table as the table is moved slowly into the Scanner gantry (Donut). The Gantry houses the slowly into the Scanner gantry (Donut). The Gantry houses the rotating xray tube and xray receptors. The original scanners in rotating xray tube and xray receptors. The original scanners in 1978 took 2 minutes per slice and had very rough images. The 1978 took 2 minutes per slice and had very rough images. The new scanners today can do a series of 30 images in a few new scanners today can do a series of 30 images in a few seconds and have much sharper images.seconds and have much sharper images.

Ultra Sound MachineUltrasound imaging, also called ultrasound scanning or sonography, involves exposing part of the body to high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body. Ultrasound exams do not use ionizing radiation (as used in x-rays). Because ultrasound images are captured in real-time, they can show the structure and movement of the body's internal organs, as well as blood flowing through blood vessels.Ultrasound imaging is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions.Conventional ultrasound displays the images in thin, flat sections of the body. Advancements in ultrasound technology include three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound that formats the sound wave data into 3-D images. Four-dimensional (4-D) ultrasound is 3-D ultrasound in motion.

Medicines: Chloroform

• All surgeries today are performed after giving anaesthesia to the patient. Chloroform was probably the first medicine used to give anaesthesia. Surgery must have been very painful before the use of chloroform. James Simpson introduced the use of chloroform in surgery. Inhaling chloroform makes a person unconscious. He or she does not feel any pain during surgery.

Medicine: Penicillin• Penicillin was discovered by Sir

Alexander Fleming in 1928. The medicine prevents the growth of bacteria. It is an antibiotic which prevents infections in the body. Diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, cholera and plague can now be cured fully.

Antibiotics

• Antibiotics are special kind of medicines that either inhibit the growth of bacteria and some other diseases-producing micro-organisms, or destroy them completely. They are made up from bacteria and fungi. They help the body to fight infections, hence they are used in the treatment of many diseases. The word ‘antibiotics’ is derived from ‘antibiosis’. Anti means against and biosis means life. Antibiotics act only against certain types of micro-organisms like bacteria. In fact, ‘antibiotics’ are chemical substances derived from the bodies of micro-organisms such as bacteria, moulds or certain plants. Overuse of antibiotics can cause kidney problems.

Vaccinations

• Everyone dreads injections and vaccination and tries to avoid them. Vaccination are an important method of controlling the spread of many infectious diseases. A person who is vaccinated is made immune to the disease and cannot pass it on to anyone else. Vaccines may be given by injections, by mouth, or by a scratch on the skin. Vaccine causes the body to produce antibodies, which neutralize the invading germs. Some vaccines contains dead bacteria or virus, other contains toxoids -chemically modified toxins (poisonous), normally produced by diseases-causing germs. Vaccinations give two types of immunity

Medical MilestonesFirst Medical Studies-Hippocrates- c 460 BCBlood Circulation Described- William Harvey-

1628Bacteria Described- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek-

1683Smallpox vaccination-Edward Jenner- 1796Homeopathy- Samuel Hahnemann-1810Stethoscope- Rene Laennec- 1816 Ether vapour (anaesthetic)- William Morton-

1846

Other Medical MilestonesChloroform- James Simpson-1847Antiseptic surgery- Joseph Lister- 1867Rabies vaccination- Louis Pasteur- 1885X-rays discovered- W.C.Roentgen-1895Blood group identified- Karl Landsteiner-1901Vitamins Discovered- Frederick Hopkins-1906Penicillin discovered- Alexander Fleming-1928DNA structured identified-James Watson-

1953Kidney dialysis- Willem J.Kolff-1955

Things that I used to create this Presentation

Books:Children’s Knowledge Bank-by Dr.C.L.Garg Volume-1,2,3,4.

Whitaker’s World of facts. Children's EncartaPictures taken from Internet Explorer- www.google.co.in