Beijing Urban Planning Issues

BEIJING

BEIJING

Brief Background

• Beijing: Part of China’s Heritage • Beijing: Link between Heaven and Earth• Beijing: When, Where, Why• Beijing: The Evolution of its Urban Form

Some Planning/Urban Design Issues

• Size • Density• Block Size• Facing South• Old and New• Sustainability

Tianjin School of Architecture Teachers

Tianjin School of Architecture Students



Student Work 1986 -7

Kindergarten

Student Work 1986 -7

Community Center

T O W N SC O N S U L T I N G

www.townsnet.com

周道顾问

BEIJING

Brief Background




China, a vast reservoir of resources and experience

Xia Dynasty (2100-1600 BC), Bronze Ritual Vessel

Shang Dynasty (1600-1027 BC), Bronze Mask

Zhou Dynasty (1027-256 BC), Ideal City described in Zhou Li: Kao Gong Ji

Zhou Dynasty (1027-256 BC), Confucius 551-459 BC

Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) , Clay Figurine

Han Dynasty, Clay Figurine

Han Dynasty, Brick Relief Carving

Northern Wei (386-534) / Sui / Tang, Buddhist Relief Sculpture



Tang Dynasty (618-907), Clay Figurine of a Foreign Merchant

Tang Dynasty, Big Goose Pagoda, Xian

Han to Tang Dynasty, Dun Huang Caves, Colour Scheme

Han to Tang Dynasty, Dun Huang Caves, Colour Scheme

Tang Dynasty, Handwriting of the Poet, Li Bai

Song Dynasty (960-1279), Porcelain

Song Dynasty, “Traveling Amid Hills and Streams” by Fan Kuan

Song Dynasty, Stone Sculpture

Song Dynasty Buddhist Statue

Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), Mural Painting

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), “Hanging Temple”, Shanxi Province

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Temple of Heaven, Hall of Prayers for Good Harvests

Robert Temple, The Genius of China, 1998.

Robert Temple, The Genius of China, 1998.

Prince Chu Cai Yu invented the tempered scale in 1584.Johann Sebastian Bach, used it for The Well-tempered Clavier, 1722.Twelve fifths = (1.0136) Seven octaves

Some Examples: The Decimal System, the compass, paper, explosives, wheelbarrow,….

Columbus and Zheng He Sailing into the wind

Voyages of exploration and exchange not conquest.

“It would be better if the nations and peoples of the world had a clearer understanding of each other, allowing the mental chasm between East an West to be bridged. After all they are, and have been for several centuries, intimate partners in the business of building a world civilization. The technological world of today is a product of both East and West to an extent which until recently no one had ever imagined. It is now time for the Chinese contribution to be recognized and acknowledged, by east and West alike. And, above all, let this be recognized by today’s school children, who will be the generation to absorb it into their fundamental conceptions about the world. When that happens, Chinese and Westerners will be able to look each other in the eye, knowing themselves to be true and full partners.

Robert Temple, The Genius of China, 1998, p. 12

Modern Science & Technology

European Industrial Revolution

European Agricultural Revolution

Chinese Ideas and Inventions

The Islamic world was a vital link between China and Europe.

Chinese Spiritual and Philosophical Resources• Mahayana Buddhism taught the unity and oneness of all beings: One’s own enjoyment of spiritual peace can not be perfect so long as salvation has not been universally won. Reinforced Chinese Group Sense (Ji Ti). Charity and service to others are the actions based on this belief.

• Confucius: Moral order is the foundation of social order. “Confucius renewed morals and ancient virtues”, Abdu’l-Baha.• Lao Ze (Daoism): cultivated the “way”, teachings about virtue and self-effacement.• Zhou Dynasty: System of Government based on the Mandate of Heaven• Poets, for example: Li Bai and Du Fu

Zhou Dynasty (1027-256 BC), Ideal Administrative City described in Zhou Li: Kao Gong Ji

The Capital City, a link between Heaven and Earth

New World OrderMaturation of Humanity All-inclusive FamilyGlobal VillageGrand Synthesis (Lazlo)Omega PointMajestic House“Tian Xia Yi Jia”

"The Age of Nations is past. The task before us now,

if we would not perish, is to build the Earth.”

T. de Chardin

“The Earth is One Country and Mankind its Citizens”Baha’u’llah

"Heaven is my father and earth is my mother..all people are my brothers and sisters, and all things are my companions...“Zhang Zai (1020-77) Our

Collective Heritage

“Much like the role played by the gene pool in the biological life of humankind and its environment, the immense wealth of cultural diversity achieved over thousands of yearsis vital to the social and economic development of a human race experiencing its collective coming-of-age.

It represents a heritage that must be permitted to bear its fruit in a global civilization. On the one hand, cultural expressions need to be protected from suffocation by the materialistic influences currently holding sway. On the other, cultures must be enabled to interact with one another in ever-changing patterns of civilization, free of manipulation for partisan political ends. “

The Prosperity of Humankind, Baha'i International Community, 1995.

BEIJING

Brief Background

• Beijing: Part of China’s Heritage • Beijing: Capital City, Link between Heaven and Earth• Beijing: When, Where, Why• Beijing: The Evolution of its Urban Form



Zhou Dynasty (1027-256 BC), Ideal City described in Zhou Li: Kao Gong Ji

Beijing: Capital City, a link between Heaven and Earth

Beijing: a city linking heaven and earthThe Emperor prayed for good harvests.

Emperor’s Room: Place of Honour,Power, & Stillness


Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Temple of Heaven

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), Temple of Heaven


Beijing Old City: Forbidden City

Emperor’s Room: Place of Honour, Power, & Stillness

Five Colours Earth Temple

Beijing Old City: Five Colours Earth Temple

Emperor’s Room: Place of Honour, Power & Stillness

Beijing Old City: Courtyard house is a “child” of the Forbidden City.

A reminder of the Heaven–Earth linkage in every home.

Patriarch’s Room: Place of Honour, Power & Stillness

Fra

ctal

Hie

irar

chy

Beijing Old City: Courtyard House

Patriarchs Room: Place of Honour, Power & Stillness

Beijing Old City: 2008 Olympic Site is on the ceremonial “sacred” axis. The Olympic theme also reflects a consciousness of the link between heaven and earth.

BEIJING

Brief Background




Xia 2200 – 1750 BC

Shang 1750 – 1040 BC

Western Zhou 1027 – 771 BC

Eastern Zhou 770 -256 BC

Qin 221 – 227 BC

Han 206 BC – 220 AD

Tang 618 - 907

Northern Song 960 - 1127

LIAO

XI XIA

Southern Song 1127 - 1279

JIN

XI XIA

Yuan 1271 – 1368 (Chinese “Ship of State” run by Mongolian captains)

The Meng People(Mongolian)

Ming 1368 - 1644

Qing 1636 – 1911 (Chinese “Ship of State” run by Man/Qing

captains)

The Man People(Manchuria)

Qing: Rebellions (green) and Incursions (red) 1840 - 1911

Russia

Japan

Russia

EnglandEngland

France

Germany

Japan

Russia

People’s Republic of China 1949 (Relative isolation for over 25 years) Open Door 1978

BEIJING

Brief Background




Liao 916-1125

Jin 1125 - 1234

Liao

Ming-Qing

Jin

Yuan

Ming-Qing

The Growth of Beijing: 1949-2008

2

Growth of Beijing: 1949-2008

2 3


2 3 4


2 3 4 5

6.7 km

12 km

18 km

30 km


CBD


32 4 5

BEIJING

Brief Background




BEIJING

Brief Background




Chicago on the Lakeshore

Chicago: Downtown

Chicago: Mid-rise, 3 and 4 story apartments

Chicago: 1 and 2 story single family housing

Chicago: Single family, low density

Beijing

Central Beijing

Central Beijing: large city block

Central Beijing: Courtyard Housing

Central Beijing: Courtyard House

Beijing far suburbs: Courtyard House

Chicago Core

Chicago Core and a piece of old Beijing

Beijing West: Just outside 2nd Ring Road, Russian-influenced planning

Beijing North of 2nd Ring Road

Shanghai

Beijing West 3rd Ring Road

BEIJING

Brief Background




Cliff Moughtin, Emeritus Professor of Planning at the University of Nottingham, believes too large a block destroys city life.

"The larger and more homogenous the street block the greater will be its power to destroy the social, economic, and physical networks of the city.

The large-scale single-use, single-ownership street block is the instrument most influential in the decline of the city: its effect, together with that

of its partner the motorcar, are among the real causes of the death of the great city."

[1] Cliff Moughtin, Urban Design: Green Dimensions, 1996, Architectural Press, P.138

Google Earth

Block Size Comparison: Beijing-New York

Zhong Jing Architects and Engineers1989-1993, Beijing, China

Zhong Jing Design Institute, Beijing, 1990

Shandong, Qingdao Urban Renewal Circulation Plan 1990

Shandong, Qingdao Urban Renewal 1990Shandong, Qingdao Urban Renewal, 1990

Housing at the left and right;

Commercial at both sides of central street

Shandong, Qingdao, Fushan Bay Planning 1992

Shandong, Qingdao, Fushan Bay Planning 1992

山东青岛浮山湾规划

Site of 2008 Olympic Water Events

Xing Fu Cun Mixed Use Development2002

Beijing, China

Xing Fu San Cun Construction Site 2008

3.3 hectares

Xing Fu San Cun Mixed Use Development



Site Plan

怀柔方案2003

China Academy of Drama: 33 hectare site


都市化形式 Town-like Form


Entry Plaza

Student Plaza

Dormitory and Dining

Din

ing

BEIJING

Brief Background




Shanghai

Beijing West 2nd Ring Road; Russian – influenced planning

Beijing N 2nd Ring Road

Beijing West 3rd Ring Road; Towers Predominate

Beijing: Nan Mo Fang, 1994

Xing Fu San Cun Mixed Use Development; continuous podium

Zhong Tie Office Center, Beijing

Zhong Tie Office Center, Beijing

Cooperation with Beijing Institute of Architectural Design, 3RD Department

Cooperation with Beijing Institute of Architectural Design, 2ND Department

都市化形式

Formation of streets and squares needs some east-west buildings.


Campus Street: Dining at Right, Library at Left

Library at Left with deeply recessed windows at levels 2 and 3.

Student Plaza

Student Plaza

学生宿舍Dormitory (with balconies) Campus Street

Acting and Directing School

Acting & Directing Teaching Building: Study Sketch

图书馆Library East-facing Sun Screen

Library Level 1

Library Mezzanine Level

Library Level 2

Library Level 3

Library West Facade

Library West Fenestration Section

Dining: Sun-shading Screens



Dining: Ivy Sun-shading Screens


中午 Dining: Natural Sun-shading

下午三点 Dining: Natural Sun-shading

下午五点 Dining: Natural Sun-shading

Ivy: a Campus in England

Ivy: Switzerland

Ivy: Germany

Main Plaza

Theater

Main Plaza

Main Plaza

Main Plaza

BEIJING

Brief Background




Example of Chinese Vernacular Architecture

Five storey housein old village

1950s, Beijing, extending the old

Front Entrance

Beijing Railway Station

Tower with Chinese pavilion on top

Tower with Chinese pavilion on top

A vertically-Stretched Pavilion

Beijing Ren Bao Office BuildingDesign by RTKL, 1996

Abstracted, Simplified Chinese Roof

A More Literal Chinese Roof

Glass Facade with Chinese Roof and Pai Lou Gate

Yellow Tiles at Top

New Railway Station

Simplified “Chinese“ Roof

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Shanghai, SOM-designed Office and Hotel Tower

How thick is this book?

The Elements of Civilization were all Present in China’s History

The Elements of Civilization were all Present in China’s History

But the power of the old vision has weakened.

Beijing 1990

Zaha Hadid, Opera House Guangzhou

Paul Andreau, National Grand Theater of China, Beijing

RTKL, Shanghai Science Center

Bird’s Nest Olympic Stadium, Beijing

Sasaki Site Planning, Olympic Park, Beijing

Watercube National Swimming Center, Beijing

Watercube National Swimming Center, Beijing

Foster, Beijing Capital International Airport

Steven Holl, Beijing Hybrid Housing

Japanese Design, Jian Wai SOHO, Beijing

Rem Koolhaas, CCTV Tower Beijing

SOM, China Offshore Oil Corp. Headquarters, Beijing

HOK, Shanghai World Finance Center

Art Gallery, Chengdu

Zhang Yong He, Hebei Education Publishing House, Shijiazhuang

Bamboo House, Beijing

Courtyard House, Lantian

Ningbo, Beilun Free Trade Zone

Water Courtyard in Nan Xi Jiang, Zhejiang Province

Ningbo, Beilun Free Trade Zone Administration Center

Ningbo, Beilun Free Trade Zone 2002, Elevations

South

West


Xing Fu San Cun Looking through the Gates

Pai Lou Gate

Layered Space


南浔镇现状

Nan Xun Hotel Site Context

Nan Xun Hotel, Bird’s Eye View

Restaurant

Old Factory Boutique Hotel

Spiral Plan Hotel

Old Mansion

Nan Xun Hotel, Dining

Waterside Outdoor Eating

Nan Xun Hotel, Existing Mansion and New Dining

Nan Xun Hotel, Section of Dining and Existing Mansion

Liang Se Cheng Proposed Beijing Linear Park on top of Old City Wall

Preservation Area Building Condition Analysis

Preservation Area Function Map

Courtyard Design

DrumTower

Drum Tower

Qian Long Map, Drum Tower Area

CourtyardRenewalProject

The Hold-Out

Chiang Kai Shek

Home of Prince

Old Beijing

The Hold-Out

CourtyardRenewalProject

The Hold-Out

Chiang Kai Shek

Home of Prince

Former Home of Prince, Now a School (1997)

Courtyard Renewal Project, Ju Er Hu Tong



Clay Tiles on Roofs, Courtyard Renewal Project, Ju Er Hu Tong

Date Tree, Courtyard Renewal Project, Ju Er Hu Tong




Local School

Local School

Younger Son’s School

Small Hu Tong Shop

On-line Courtyard, Bread and Breakfast

Old Courtyard House Restoration by Private Owner

BEIJING

Brief Background




China’s Contributions to Sustainable Development中国对于可持续发展做出的贡献

a) Practical 已实践的贡献b) Conceptual 理论贡献



Frugal Lifestyle生活简朴Population Control 计划生育Eating low in the food chain食用植物多于肉类Optimum Urban Density最适宜的城市密度Urban Housing: mainly apartment type住宅类型主要是公寓Bicycle Transportation自行车是交通工具

Brief List of Existing Sustainable Characteristics



New World OrderMaturation of Humanity All-inclusive FamilyGlobal VillageGrand Synthesis (Lazlo)Omega PointMajestic House“Tian Xia Yi Jia”

"The Age of Nations is past. The task before us now,

if we would not perish, is to build the Earth.”

T. de Chardin

“The Earth is One Country and Mankind its Citizens”Baha’u’llah

"Heaven is my father and earth is my mother..all people are my brothers and sisters, and all things are my companions...“Zhang Zai (1020-77) Our

Collective Heritage

Unity and The Recognition of Oneness are the Foundations of Sustainability

John Fairbank This noted Sinologist, in the introduction to his recent book, China: A New History, refers to China as a latecomer to modernity. And, he asks whether China has emerged from isolation just in time

to participate in the demise of the world or,

with millennia of survival experience,

to rescue it?

Bertrand Russell While he was working as a teacher in Beijing in the1920s, He observed China's:

"production without possession, action without self-assertion, and development without domination".

Russell, Bertrand, The Basic Writings Writings of Bertrand Russell: 1903-1959, Edited by Robert E. Egner and Lester E. Dennon, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1961 .

Thank you!