1. The Cold War The example of Berlin LESSON PLAN Interpreting
the Cold War : definitions and stages The Berlin airlift 1948-1949
The building of the Berlin Wall 1962 1989 The Winds of Change and
the Fall of the Wall 1991 The Collapse of the USSR 2. Interpreting
the Cold War The Cold War was NOT a war of weapons It was a Clash
of Ideologies a war of words a war of wits Free-market economy
Liberal Democracy Multi-Party system Free Speech Freedom of Worship
Individual Rights State planned economy 5 year plan Social
Democracy One Pary System Marxist-Leninst theory State controlled
press (Pravda) Freedom of the Proletariat atheism/opium of the
masses Social Justice for all The USA The USSR 3. Interpreting the
Cold War A Clash of Personalities 1950s Truamn v Stalin: Cold War
The Truman Doctrine Containment 1949 Soviet A Bomb 1950-53 Korean
War 1960s Kennedy v Krushchev: Thaw Peaceful Coexistence and
Brinkmanship Bay of Pigs The Cuban Missile Crisis 1970s Nixon v
Brezhnev: Dtente Visits to Peking and Moscow End of conflict in
Vietnam SALT I and II 4. The fate of Germany and Berlin ...the
outset of the Cold War Who are the politicians in each photo? Say
where and when they met. What decisions had they made concerning
the future of Germany? What happens to Berlin happens to Germany...
What happens to Germany happens to Europe. Molotov 5. Actions and
Reactions towards the crisis The western Allies Aims: restart
market-based economy and maintain western presence in Germany (and
Berlin) The USSR Aims: maintain an industrially weak Germany and
eventually force the western allies out January 1948: the USA and
the UK unite their zones to coordinate their economies ( bizonia )
The Soviet authorities effectively put an end to ACC government of
post-war Germany February 1948 the western allies propose the
creation of a new currency to replace the reichmark and help stop
the illegal blackmarket The USSR refuses the offer in an attempt to
keep the German economy in recession June 18th-21st 1948 the
western allies introduce the Deutschmark into their zones and also
Berlin (Operation Bird Dog) June 22nd 1948 the USSR announces its
own new currency in Berlin, the Ostmark and begins to control
allied transport in Berlin 6. Options open to the western Allies
The situation: The USSR cut off all road, rail and fluvial access
to the western zones of Berlin. It also cut off the electricity
supply to the western districts. The western zones in Berlin
accounted for some 2 million people in June 1948. The USA army had
140 000 troops in Europe. The USSR had 17 divisions plus thousands
of tanks in Germany. The possible options: 1. Do nothing or retreat
from Berlin (political suicide) 2. Smash through the blockade by
using a military convoy taking supplies to West Berlin (General
Lucius Clay) 3. Use the atom bomb to attack the Soviet Union and
destroy it before the Soviets developed their own bomb (Churchill)
4. Supply the needs of West Berlin by using planes the Airlift The
air corridors had been agreed upon at Yalta 7. The Airlift in facts
and figures The blockade lasted 318 days (11 months). In the winter
of 194849 Berliners lived on dried potatoes, powdered eggs and cans
of meat. They had 4 hours of electricity a day. The airlift was
codenamed 'operation Vittles'; the first flight was on 26th June
1948. The Soviet authorities offered to provide West Berlin with
essential supplies - this offer was rejected. Over 275 000 flights
carried in 2 million tons of supplies. A plane landed every 3 mins.
On 16th April 1949, 1400 flights brought in 13,000 tons of supplies
in one day Berlin only needed 6,000 tons a day to survive. Some
pilots dropped chocolate and sweets. The airlift continued until
30th September 1949, in order to build up a reserve of supplies.
The USA stationed B-27 bombers (which could carry an atomic bomb)
in Britain. 8. The Building of the Berlin Wall 1961 TIMELINE:
changes in the international system in the 1950s leading to the
building of the Wall - Stalin died in 1953 - Khrushchev accedes to
power in 1958 - February 1956 famous attack on Stalin's Cult of
Personality - the development of Peaceful Co-existence there were
only two ways either peaceful co-existence or the most destructive
war in history. There was no third way. - 1950s: the USSR demanded
the West to pull out of Berlin - 1955: West Germany admitted to
NATO - 1957: first ICBM (inter-continental ballistic missile) and
Sputnik 1 - idea of nuclear parity the missile gap - 1958: the USSR
no longer recognized the western right to a presence in Berlin the
USA refused to budge - 1960: Paris conference spoiled by U2 spy
plane incident - 1961: Khrushchev asked Kennedy to withdraw -
August 13th 1961... the Wall: from barbed-wire to physical frontier
9. The Wall in numbers Total length of the border to West Berlin
155 km Inner-city border between East and West Berlin 43 km Border
between West Berlin and the GDR (outer ring) 112 km Border
crossings between East and West Berlin (roads/railway) 8 Border
crossings between the GDR and West Berlin (roads/railway) 6
Observation towers 302 Bunkers 20 Dog runs 259 Anti-vehicle
trenches 105,5 km Contact or signal fences 127,5 km Border patrol
roads 124,3 km 10. Differing views on the Wall In the face of the
aggressive aspirations of the reactionary forces of the German
Federal Republic and its NATO allies, the Warsaw Pact member states
cannot but take necessary measures to guarantee their security and,
primarily, the security of the G.D.R. in the interests of the
German peoples themselves. Declaration by the Warsaw Pact Powers
Urging Establishment of Reliable Safeguards and Effective Control
Around the Whole Territory of West Berlin (13 August 1961) Note
from the United States to the Soviet Union on the building of the
Berlin Wall (17 August 1961) By the very admission of the East
German authorities, the measures which have just been taken are
motivated by the fact that an ever increasing number of inhabitants
of East Germany wish to leave this territory. The reasons for this
exodus are known. They are simply the internal difficulties in East
Germany. 11. We never had to build a wall to keep our own people in
... JF Kennedy's Ich bin ein Berliner speech, Berlin 1963 12. The
1980s Ronald Reagan: the Evil Empire, the New Cold War Mikhail
Gorbachev: reform and the end of the Cold War Ronald Reagan SDI
(Star Wars / The Evil Empire) Margaret Thatcher The Decade of
Danger Welcome Gorbi, bienvenu ici ... Mikhail Gorbachev - Came to
power in 1985 - youngest leader of the CPSU and Politburo - only
leader to be born after the 1917 October Revolution - a lawyer by
training / his wife a sociologist - part of the modern Russian
reformist intelligentsia - modern reformist of socialism social
democracy or SOCIALISM WITH A HUMAN FACE 13. Economic Downfall in
the USSR Gorbachev's Reform Policies PERESTROIKA: economic reform
introducing a degree of competition and private enterprise
GLASNOST: transparency a degree of electoral democracy and the
limitation of the CPSU 14. Today I can inform you of the following:
The Soviet Union has made a decision on reducing its armed forces.
In the next two years, their numerical strength will be reduced by
500,000 persons, and the volume of conventional arms will also be
cut considerably. These reductions will be made on a unilateral
basis The compelling necessity of the principle of freedom of
choice is also clear to us. The failure to recognize this, to
recognize it, is fraught with very dire consequences, consequences
for world peace. Denying that right to the peoples, no matter what
the pretext, no matter what the words are used to conceal it, means
infringing upon even the unstable balance that is, has been
possible to achieve. Freedom of choice is a universal principle to
which there should be no exceptions. The de-ideologization of
interstate relations has become a demand of the new stage. We are
not giving up our convictions, philosophy, or traditions. Neither
are we calling on anyone else to give up theirs each should prove
the advantages of his own system, his own way of life and values,
but not through words or propaganda alone, but through real deeds
as well. We intend to expand the Soviet Union's participation in
the monitoring mechanism on human rights in the United Nations and
within the framework of the pan-European process. We consider that
the jurisdiction of the International Court in The Hague with
respect to interpreting and applying agreements in the field of
human rights should be obligatory for all states. Mikhail
Gorbachev's UN Speech, December 7th 1988 15. 1989: The Winds of
Change in Eastern Europe Precursors: The Hungarian Uprising of 1956
The Prague Spring 1968 Solidarity in Poland 1981 Eric Honecker;
Januray 1989 40th Anniversary of the SED (Socialist Party of East
Germany) Socialism will be halted in its course neither by ox, nor
ass. The Wall will be standing in 50 and even in 100 years 10
months later it ceased to exist What Gorbachev dicovered when he
came to power: - East Germany, the leading socialist country in
Europe, was in fact surpassed by West Germany by 40% in
productivity and 50% in income - the USSR had the lowest per capita
income of all the socialist countries 16. The Fall of the Berlin
Wall: the beginning of the end ... The USSR could no longer afford
the Arms Race and Gorbachev realised that the USSR could no longer
help defend east European socialist states they were on their own.
Hungary removed its frontier with Austria East Germans fled in
thousands to Hungary, and then to Cezchoslovakia, to cross into the
West and then back to Berlin East Germans began to gather and
protest against the Wall Pressure from East Germans eventually led
to the opening of the Wall The Wall was eventually opened due to
popular pressure and human error! 17. The Fall of Communism in
eastern Europe 1989/1990 The Domino theory 18. The Fall of
Communism in eastern Europe 1989/1990 The Domino theory 1. Poland,
Solidarity and the first non-communist government 2. Hungary and
the opening of the Iron Curtain 3. Berlin and the Fall of the Wall
4. Czechoslovakia, Vaclav Havel and the Velvet Revolution 5.
Bulgaria 6. Romania, Ceaucescu and bloody revolution 7. Albania 8.
Yugoslavia and civil war 9. The collapse of the USSR
