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Biochemistry Biochemistry An Introduction to the Chemistry of Life for Biochemistry Students International school or National plus school Adapted by Tielumphd source: harper et al Good luck!!!

Biochemistry biomolecules

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Page 1: Biochemistry biomolecules

BiochemistryBiochemistry

An Introduction to the Chemistry of Life for Biochemistry Students

International school or National plus school

Adapted by Tielumphd

source: harper et al

Good luck!!!

Page 2: Biochemistry biomolecules

What is Life Made of?What is Life Made of?

Physical and Chemical sciences alone Physical and Chemical sciences alone may not completely explain the nature of may not completely explain the nature of life, but they at least provide the essential life, but they at least provide the essential framework for such an explanation. framework for such an explanation.

All students of life must have a All students of life must have a fundamental understanding of organic fundamental understanding of organic chemistry and biochemistry.chemistry and biochemistry.

Page 3: Biochemistry biomolecules

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon compounds.compounds.

Organic compounds are compounds Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a Carbon composed primarily of a Carbon skeleton.skeleton.

All living things are composed of organic All living things are composed of organic compounds.compounds.

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Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

What makes Carbon Special? Why is What makes Carbon Special? Why is Carbon so different from all the other Carbon so different from all the other elements on the periodic table?elements on the periodic table?

The answer derives from the ability of The answer derives from the ability of Carbon atoms to bond together to form Carbon atoms to bond together to form long chains and rings.long chains and rings.

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Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

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Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

Carbon can covalently bond with up to four other atoms.

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Carbon can form immensely Carbon can form immensely diverse compounds, from diverse compounds, from simple to complex.simple to complex.

Methane with 1 Carbon atom

DNA with tens of Billions of Carbon atoms

Page 8: Biochemistry biomolecules

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Biochemistry is a special branch of Biochemistry is a special branch of organic chemistry that deals with matter organic chemistry that deals with matter inside the living cell called inside the living cell called ProtoplasmProtoplasm. .

Protoplasm is an enormously complex Protoplasm is an enormously complex mixture of organic compounds where mixture of organic compounds where high levels of chemical activity occur. high levels of chemical activity occur.

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BiochemistryBiochemistry

2. You will be expected to learn the basic biochemical processes of major cell functions, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and protein synthesis.

How much How much biochemistry do you biochemistry do you need to know for this need to know for this course?course?

1. You need to know 1. You need to know the structure of the structure of organic molecules organic molecules important to major important to major biological processes.biological processes.

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Primary Organic Primary Organic CompoundsCompounds

1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

2.2. LipidsLipids

3.3. ProteinsProteins

4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

You are expected to learn the structure and functions of these organic compounds:

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Polymers ands MonomersPolymers ands Monomers

Each of these types of molecules are Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers.units called monomers.

Each type of macromolecule is an Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of assemblage of a different type of monomer. monomer.

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MonomersMonomers

MacromoleculeMacromolecule

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

LipidsLipids

ProteinsProteins

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

MonomerMonomer

MonosaccharideMonosaccharide

Not always polymers; Not always polymers; Hydrocarbon chainsHydrocarbon chains

Amino acidsAmino acids

NucleotidesNucleotides

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How do monomers form How do monomers form polymers?polymers?

In condensation reactions (also called In condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.they are connected together.

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HydrolysisHydrolysis

In a reaction opposite to condensation, a In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water molecule can be added (along with water molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in two.in two.

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1. ratio of 1:2:1.

Carbohydrates are the key source of Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things.energy used by living things.

The building blocks of carbohydrates are The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose. sugars, such as glucose and fructose.

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

What do the roots What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean?and poly mean?

Each of these roots Each of these roots can be added to the can be added to the word saccharide to word saccharide to describe the type of describe the type of carbohydrate you carbohydrate you have.have.

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How do two monosaccharides How do two monosaccharides combine to make a combine to make a polysaccharide?polysaccharide?

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PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

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LipidsLipids

Lipids are molecules that consist of long Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.

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Saturated vs. Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatUnsaturated Fat

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ProteinsProteins

Proteins are building blocks of structures Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make (we will talk your DNA codes to make (we will talk about this in great detail in a month or about this in great detail in a month or so).so).

A peptide bond forms between amino A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis.acids by dehydration synthesis.

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Levels of Protein Levels of Protein StructureStructure

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Protein StructureProtein Structure

LevelLevel

PrimaryPrimary

SecondarySecondary

TertiaryTertiary

QuaternaryQuaternary

DescriptionDescriptionThe amino acid The amino acid

sequencesequenceHelices and SheetsHelices and Sheets

Disulfide bridgesDisulfide bridges

Multiple polypeptides Multiple polypeptides connectconnect

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Primary structure Primary structure analogy means......analogy means......

Primary dataPrimary data Kovalen bondsKovalen bonds

Primary dataPrimary data Kovalen bondsKovalen bonds

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Salmonelle colonies Salmonelle colonies count by......count by......

These were their These were their kuantitative countingkuantitative counting

By using colony By using colony counting methodscounting methods

Must searching more Must searching more spesific methode to spesific methode to repair this standart repair this standart methode.methode.

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Drug discovery today Drug discovery today were combining were combining betweenbetween