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BiochemistryBiochemistry
An Introduction to the Chemistry of Life for Biochemistry Students
International school or National plus school
Adapted by Tielumphd
source: harper et al
Good luck!!!
What is Life Made of?What is Life Made of?
Physical and Chemical sciences alone Physical and Chemical sciences alone may not completely explain the nature of may not completely explain the nature of life, but they at least provide the essential life, but they at least provide the essential framework for such an explanation. framework for such an explanation.
All students of life must have a All students of life must have a fundamental understanding of organic fundamental understanding of organic chemistry and biochemistry.chemistry and biochemistry.
Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon compounds.compounds.
Organic compounds are compounds Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a Carbon composed primarily of a Carbon skeleton.skeleton.
All living things are composed of organic All living things are composed of organic compounds.compounds.
Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
What makes Carbon Special? Why is What makes Carbon Special? Why is Carbon so different from all the other Carbon so different from all the other elements on the periodic table?elements on the periodic table?
The answer derives from the ability of The answer derives from the ability of Carbon atoms to bond together to form Carbon atoms to bond together to form long chains and rings.long chains and rings.
Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
Carbon can covalently bond with up to four other atoms.
Carbon can form immensely Carbon can form immensely diverse compounds, from diverse compounds, from simple to complex.simple to complex.
Methane with 1 Carbon atom
DNA with tens of Billions of Carbon atoms
BiochemistryBiochemistry
Biochemistry is a special branch of Biochemistry is a special branch of organic chemistry that deals with matter organic chemistry that deals with matter inside the living cell called inside the living cell called ProtoplasmProtoplasm. .
Protoplasm is an enormously complex Protoplasm is an enormously complex mixture of organic compounds where mixture of organic compounds where high levels of chemical activity occur. high levels of chemical activity occur.
BiochemistryBiochemistry
2. You will be expected to learn the basic biochemical processes of major cell functions, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and protein synthesis.
How much How much biochemistry do you biochemistry do you need to know for this need to know for this course?course?
1. You need to know 1. You need to know the structure of the structure of organic molecules organic molecules important to major important to major biological processes.biological processes.
Primary Organic Primary Organic CompoundsCompounds
1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2.2. LipidsLipids
3.3. ProteinsProteins
4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
You are expected to learn the structure and functions of these organic compounds:
Polymers ands MonomersPolymers ands Monomers
Each of these types of molecules are Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers.units called monomers.
Each type of macromolecule is an Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of assemblage of a different type of monomer. monomer.
MonomersMonomers
MacromoleculeMacromolecule
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
LipidsLipids
ProteinsProteins
Nucleic acidsNucleic acids
MonomerMonomer
MonosaccharideMonosaccharide
Not always polymers; Not always polymers; Hydrocarbon chainsHydrocarbon chains
Amino acidsAmino acids
NucleotidesNucleotides
How do monomers form How do monomers form polymers?polymers?
In condensation reactions (also called In condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.they are connected together.
HydrolysisHydrolysis
In a reaction opposite to condensation, a In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water molecule can be added (along with water molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in two.in two.
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1. ratio of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates are the key source of Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things.energy used by living things.
The building blocks of carbohydrates are The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose. sugars, such as glucose and fructose.
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
What do the roots What do the roots mono-, di-, oligo-, mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly mean?and poly mean?
Each of these roots Each of these roots can be added to the can be added to the word saccharide to word saccharide to describe the type of describe the type of carbohydrate you carbohydrate you have.have.
How do two monosaccharides How do two monosaccharides combine to make a combine to make a polysaccharide?polysaccharide?
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
LipidsLipids
Lipids are molecules that consist of long Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.
Saturated vs. Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatUnsaturated Fat
ProteinsProteins
Proteins are building blocks of structures Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make (we will talk your DNA codes to make (we will talk about this in great detail in a month or about this in great detail in a month or so).so).
A peptide bond forms between amino A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis.acids by dehydration synthesis.
Levels of Protein Levels of Protein StructureStructure
Protein StructureProtein Structure
LevelLevel
PrimaryPrimary
SecondarySecondary
TertiaryTertiary
QuaternaryQuaternary
DescriptionDescriptionThe amino acid The amino acid
sequencesequenceHelices and SheetsHelices and Sheets
Disulfide bridgesDisulfide bridges
Multiple polypeptides Multiple polypeptides connectconnect
Primary structure Primary structure analogy means......analogy means......
Primary dataPrimary data Kovalen bondsKovalen bonds
Primary dataPrimary data Kovalen bondsKovalen bonds
Salmonelle colonies Salmonelle colonies count by......count by......
These were their These were their kuantitative countingkuantitative counting
By using colony By using colony counting methodscounting methods
Must searching more Must searching more spesific methode to spesific methode to repair this standart repair this standart methode.methode.
Drug discovery today Drug discovery today were combining were combining betweenbetween