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This presentation is a simple tutorial on performing ABO blood group testing. It is submitted as a requirement for Central Michigan University's EDU 653.
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Blood TypingAlicia M. Triplett
Objectives
● In this lesson, you will ●learn the steps of the procedure to determine
a blood type.●watch a video of the procedure being
performed.●be referred to additional information on blood
types.
Introduction
● Whole blood is rarely used for transfusion.
● Red Blood Cells (RBCs) are the component of choice to increase oxygen carrying capacity.
● RBCs must be compatible between the donor and the recipient.
Reference:The Community Blood Center Inc. (2013). Retrieved Sept 20, 2013, from Blood Types: http://www.communityblood.org/commbc/what+is+blood/blood+type.asp
Introduction
● Plasma is the component of choice to replenish most coagulation factors.
● Plasma must also be ABO-compatible with the recipient’s RBCs.
Reference:Harmening, D. M. (2012). Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices (Sixth ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
Introduction
● There are 4 major blood groups.
● They are determined by RBC surface antigens.
● To determine which antigens are present, we do ABO blood typing.
Reference:Wikipedia. (2013, Sept 15). Blood Type. Retrieved Sept 20, 2013, from Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type
ABO Testing Supplies
● Items needed for testing:○ Forward blood grouping antisera○ Reverse typing reagent red blood cells○ Glass test tubes○ Transfer pipettes○ 0.9% saline
ABO Testing Supplies
● Items needed for testing (continued):○ Centrifuge○ Agglutination viewer○ Felt tip marker○ Patient sample (5ml EDTA blood sample)
ABO Testing - Forward
● Separate patient cells and plasma
● Label a tube with patient information
● Make a 2-5% cell suspension
Reference:F.A. Davis Company. (2012). DavisPlus Instructor and Student Resource Center. Retrieved Sept 20, 2013, from DavisPlus.fadavis.com: http://resources.fadavis.com/harmening6/Image_Ancillary/original/2682_F06_01p1.jpg
ABO Testing - Forward
● Label 2 tubes, one with Anti-A, and the other with Anti-B●Add a drop of Anti-A to the tube labeled “Anti-A”●Add a drop of Anti-B to the tube labeled “Anti-B”
Reference:F.A. Davis Company. (2012). DavisPlus Instructor and Student Resource Center. Retrieved Sept 20, 2013, from DavisPlus.fadavis.com: http://resources.fadavis.com/harmening6/Image_Ancillary/original/2682_F06_01p1.jpg
ABO Testing - Forward
● Add a drop of the 2-5% patient cell suspension to each of the two tubes
● Mix gently and centrifuge for 15 seconds● Gently resuspend the cell button, and check for
agglutination (clumping)● Record reactions
Reference:F.A. Davis Company. (2012). DavisPlus Instructor and Student Resource Center. Retrieved Sept 20, 2013, from DavisPlus.fadavis.com: http://resources.fadavis.com/harmening6/Image_Ancillary/original/2682_F06_01p1.jpg
ABO Testing - Reverse Reference:
F.A. Davis Company. (2012). DavisPlus Instructor and Student Resource Center. Retrieved Sept 20, 2013, from DavisPlus.fadavis.com: http://resources.fadavis.com/harmening6/Image_Ancillary/original/2682_F06_02p1.jpg
● Label two tubes○ One with patient ID and “A1”○ One with patient ID and “B”
ABO Testing - Reverse
Reference:F.A. Davis Company. (2012). DavisPlus Instructor and Student Resource Center. Retrieved Sept 20, 2013, from DavisPlus.fadavis.com: http://resources.fadavis.com/harmening6/Image_Ancillary/original/2682_F06_02p1.jpg
● Add two drops of patient plasma to each tube● Add 1 drop of A cells to the tube labeled “A.”● Add 1 drop of B cells to the tube labeled “B.”
ABO Testing - Reverse Reference:F.A. Davis Company. (2012). DavisPlus Instructor and Student Resource Center. Retrieved Sept 20, 2013, from DavisPlus.fadavis.com: http://resources.fadavis.com/harmening6/Image_Ancillary/original/2682_F06_02p1.jpg
● Mix gently and centrifuge for 15 seconds● Gently resuspend the cell button and check for
agglutination● Record reactions
Interpretation of Results
● Blood Group A● A antigen, Anti-B antibody
● Blood Group B● B antigen, Anti-A antibody
● Blood Group AB● A & B antigen, no antibody
● Blood Group O● No antigen, Anti-A and
Anti-B
ABO Testing (Demonstration)
Video From: The Indian Immunohematology Initiative: YouTube: Creative Commons Attribution License (reuse allowed). Retrieved September 21,2013
Additional Information
● To learn more about blood types visit The American Red Cross.
● When you feel confident, test your knowledge by playing The Blood Typing Game.
Image CreditsSlide 3. Diagram showing blood group compatibility for transfusion purposes. Created by InvictaHOG (Own work) on Adobe Illustrator 8/24/06 and released into public domain.Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved September 21, 2013.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Blood_Compatibility.svg/120px-Blood_Compatibility.svg.png
Slide 4. Plasma compatibility chart In addition to donating to the same blood group; plasma from type AB can be given to A, B and O; plasma from types A, B and AB can be given to O. Created: 26 February 2009 (first version); 2 March 2009 (last version). Attribution: Giancaldo at the English language Wikipedia [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved July 7, 2014.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Plasma_donation_compatibility_path.svg
Slide 5. Diagram of ABO blood antigen system. Created: 11 September 2006. Created by InvictaHOG (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved September 20, 2013.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg
Slide 8. Scheme of a blood sample after centrifugation. Date 9 February 2008 (original upload date). : Original uploader was KnuteKnudsen at en.wikipedia. [CC-BY-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], from Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved July 7, 2014http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Blood-centrifugation-scheme.png
Image and Video CreditsSlide 10. Description: Agglutinated red cells in the bottom of test tubes from blood typing in the blood bank. Created10 March 2005. Attribution: By Bobjgalindo (Own work) [GFDL http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved July 7, 2014.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Tube_blood_banking.JPG
Slide 14. Diagram of ABO blood groups and the IgM antibodies present in each. Created by InvictaHOG on Adobe Illustrator on 8/25/06 and released into the public domain. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 20, 2013.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/ABO_blood_type.svg
Slide 15. Susan Johnson, MSTM, MT(ASCP)SBB, MS, Associate Director of the Indian Immunohematology Initiative, demonstrates how to determine an individual's ABO and Rhesus blood type in test tubes. Published on May 23, 2013 to YouTube: Creative Commons Attribution License (reuse allowed). Retrieved September 21,2013https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJ9w-LNnOT4