THE CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICAN

REVOLUTIONS* Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France in 1804.

* In an attempt to rule all of Europe, he puts family and friends in charge of the territories he has conquered.

* In 1810, Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spanish royal family flees.

NATIONALISM

ENLIGHTENMENT IDEALS

FRENCH REVOLUTION

SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

SPARK!

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

SOCIAL HIERARCHY

P

C

M

I & A

Peninsulares:Native Spaniards

Creoles:People of pureEuropean bloodBut born in theNew World

Mestizos: Indian +European blood

Mulattos:African +European blood

Indians and AfricansCAUSES

M

Castas System

• A few French families made huge profits from sugar, while most Haitians, nearly 500,000 were African slaves

• Most slaves worked on plantations and they outnumbered their masters dramatically. White masters thus used brutal methods to terrorize slaves and keep them powerless.

• Known as Saint Dominique , Haiti was a French colony and the world's leading sugar producer. It had over 800 sugar plantations and made more profit than all 13 American colonies combined.

When the French Revolution began, white settlers on the island of Haiti called for independence.

In 1791, about 100,000 slaves rose in revolt. They burned the sugar cane in the fields and killed hundreds of slave owners. The

uprising touched off 13 years of civil war in which both sides suffered massacres.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Wanted to end slavery and gain Independence for Haiti!

He was an educated former slave!

* Rallied slaves to revolt in 1791 – Led armies against French, Spanish

and British.

By 1801, he took control of the territory, freed the slaves and created a

constitution.

Led first successful slave revolt in New World – Total independence for Haiti in 1804

Yes, of course we agree.. Why don’t you come to Paris to discuss this further.

• L'Ouverture urged Haitians to fight to the death against the invaders. • However, in May, Toussaint agreed to halt the revolution if the

French would end slavery.

• When Napoleon Bonaparte took power in France, he decided to reclaim the rich sugar plantations of Saint Dominique. In January 1802, 16,000 French troops landed in Saint

Dominique to get rid of Toussaint.

I want St. Dominique back!

We will stop fighting if you agree to end slavery forever on St. Dominique!

• Despite the agreement, the French soon accused him of planning another uprising.

• The French sent Toussaint to an icy prison in the French Alps. Ten months later, in 1803, the Haitian leader died.

“In overthrowing me, you have done no more than cut down the trunk of the tree of the black liberty in St.Domingue- it will spring back from the roots, for they are numerous and deep.”

- Toussaint L’Ouverture

“In overthrowing me, you have done no more than cut down the trunk of the tree of the black liberty in St.Domingue- it will spring back from the roots, for they are numerous and deep.”

- Toussaint L’Ouverture

In your own words, explain this quote by Toussaint

L’Ouverture.

Touissant was captured and died in French Prison.

Touissant was captured and died in French Prison.

Who do you think will win this war? Why?

Who do you think will win this war? Why?

After Toussaint’s death, Haiti was restored to French domination and slavery was re-implemented. However, The taste of freedom that Toussaint had enabled the

Haitians to feel was not in vain. They continued to fight the French in a brutal revolution.

After Toussaint’s death, Haiti was restored to French domination and slavery was re-implemented. However, The taste of freedom that Toussaint had enabled the

Haitians to feel was not in vain. They continued to fight the French in a brutal revolution.

• 50,000 French soldiers, officers, doctors, and sailors may have died from yellow fever.

• Napoleon abandoned Haiti and sold the French territory in North America to the United States (the Louisiana purchase).

•

• Led by General Dessalines, the Haitian army fought a brutal war against the French army.

•First black colony to free itself from European control.

•First black colony to free itself from European control.

Jean-Jacques DessalinesJean-Jacques Dessalines

•Later assassinated in a revolt.•1820: Haiti became an independent republic

•Later assassinated in a revolt.•1820: Haiti became an independent republic

•Proclaimed himself Emperor of Haiti

•Proclaimed himself Emperor of Haiti•1804: After the French surrendered,

Dessalines ordered the mass killings of the remaining white population in Haiti.

3,000-5,000 people were killed

•1804: After the French surrendered, Dessalines ordered the mass killings of the remaining white population in Haiti.

3,000-5,000 people were killed

The Impact of ChangeThe Impact of Change

•The country was crippled by years of war, its agriculture devastated, its formal commerce nonexistent, and the people uneducated and mostly unskilled.

•The country was crippled by years of war, its agriculture devastated, its formal commerce nonexistent, and the people uneducated and mostly unskilled.

Was the Haitian

Revolution a success? Explain.

MIGUEL HIDALGO

1. Analyze the above quote and the painting and describe what Miguel hidalgo wants to accomplish. 2. What powerful symbols can be found in this painting and what is their significance? 3. Create a Title for this piece of art.

1. Analyze the above quote and the painting and describe what Miguel hidalgo wants to accomplish. 2. What powerful symbols can be found in this painting and what is their significance? 3. Create a Title for this piece of art.

“My children, will you be free? Will you make the effort

to recover from the hated Spaniards the lands stolen from your forefathers 300

years ago?”

MIGUEL HIDALGO

Highly educated Creole priest assigned

to town of Dolores, Mexico.

*September 16, 1810: the speech was

known as

El Grito de Dolores.

*September 16, 1810: the speech was

known as

El Grito de Dolores.

In 1810, Hidalgo rang the church bell and

called upon his mestizo and indigenous

parishioners to take up arms against the

Spanish.

“My children, will you be free? Will

you make the effort to recover from the hated Spaniards the

lands stolen from your forefathers 300 years ago?”

Goals: He wanted to win Independence from Spain and redistribute land from the Church, Creoles, and

Peninsulares and give it to the people.

MIGUEL HIDALGO

He led a rag-tag army of 80,000 toward Mexico

City, unleashing mass slaughter of

Peninsulares in his path.

He led a rag-tag army of 80,000 toward Mexico

City, unleashing mass slaughter of

Peninsulares in his path.

MIGUEL HIDALGO

"Though I may die, I shall be remembered forever; you all will soon be forgotten."

"Though I may die, I shall be remembered forever; you all will soon be forgotten."

Never made it to the capital – He was

captured by other Creoles and executed

in 1811.

Never made it to the capital – He was

captured by other Creoles and executed

in 1811.

Mexican War for Independence

Finally, In 1821, Augustin Iturbide marched victorious into Mexico City and established an independent Mexican nation!

Finally, In 1821, Augustin Iturbide marched victorious into Mexico City and established an independent Mexican nation!

Results: Other rebellions against Spanish rule continued for over 10 years!

Results: Other rebellions against Spanish rule continued for over 10 years!

SIMON BOLIVAR

* Elite educated Creole,

- Military General

LEADERS

• 1808 – Declares Colombian Independence and war with Spain begins!

* 1812 – Flees to New Granada but returns to Liberate Venezuela in 1813

Goal: Bolivar wanted to free South America from the law of

Spain!

SIMON BOLIVAR

* 1819 – Victory in Battle of Bogota liberated Colombia and Ecuador

* Creole officer who had trained in Europe and fought for the Spanish.* Creole officer who had trained in Europe and fought for the Spanish.

* Defected from Spanish army and joined rebels in 1811.* Defected from Spanish army and joined rebels in 1811.

Jose de San Martin

By 1822, Bolivar had liberated Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador and San Martin had

liberated Argentina and Chile. The two armies met in Peru, the last stronghold of the Spanish.

By 1822, Bolivar had liberated Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador and San Martin had

liberated Argentina and Chile. The two armies met in Peru, the last stronghold of the Spanish.

In 1817, San Martin and Bernardo O’Higgins led their army in a daring

march over the Andes.

In 1817, San Martin and Bernardo O’Higgins led their army in a daring

march over the Andes.

Bolivar and San Martin met in Guayaquil in 1822. After their meeting, San Martin resigned as Protector of Peru and handed his armies to Bolivar to defeat the last of the Spanish. Bolivar won the battle and Bolivia was named in his honor. San Martin would retire

to Europe and died in 1850.

Bolivar and San Martin met in Guayaquil in 1822. After their meeting, San Martin resigned as Protector of Peru and handed his armies to Bolivar to defeat the last of the Spanish. Bolivar won the battle and Bolivia was named in his honor. San Martin would retire

to Europe and died in 1850.

SIMON BOLIVAR

* 1824 – Led invasion of Peru and defeated Spain!

Results: Known as “The Liberator”- Bolivar liberated

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia

SIMON BOLIVAR

Plan for a united, federated Latin America, “Gran Colombia,” was crushed by political in-fighting and civil wars.

SIMON BOLIVAR

* 1830 – Simon Bolivar died of tuberculosis at the age of 47

SIMON BOLIVAR

Why do you think there is a statue of Simon

Bolivar in Central Park in NYC?

Do Now:

Results of Revolutions

•1820 - Haiti was second independent nation in the New

World!•Haiti was crippled by years of war,

its agriculture was devastated•Lack of education and skilled labor

led to instability

•1820 - Haiti was second independent nation in the New

World!•Haiti was crippled by years of war,

its agriculture was devastated•Lack of education and skilled labor

led to instability

•South American nations received their independence from Spain

•Bolivar’s dream of a united Gran Colombia failed – split into Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia•Reliance on cash crops and lack of democratic traditions led to rule of

dictators.

•South American nations received their independence from Spain

•Bolivar’s dream of a united Gran Colombia failed – split into Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia•Reliance on cash crops and lack of democratic traditions led to rule of

dictators.

SUMMARY BEFORE AFTER

POLITICALECONOMIC

SOCIAL

Ruled by Viceroys, who were controlled by Monarchs of

Mother Country. No political rights for majority of people

Ruled by wealthy Creoles called Caudillos, strong man rule. No political rights for

majority of people

Unequal trade relationship that benefited Spain -

Mercantilism

Unequal trade relationship that benefited Great Britain and the U.S. – Spheres of

Influence

Peninsulares at the top of the social ladder, followed by creoles, who had special treatment. The rest of the population were restricted

Creoles at the top of the ladder had special

treatment. The rest of the population were restricted.

What Really Changed?What Really Changed?