1.Aim: introduce students to cellular respiration Objectives: Define what is respiration Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration Explain the 4 main stages of aerobic respiration Explain the process of fermentation

2. Respiration Respiration uses chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins, to produce ATP 3. 10What is energy muscleused for?contraction Respiration supplies the energy for germination chemical changes in cells cell division 4. What Is ATP? ATP (Adenosone Tri-Phosphate) ATP is the short-term energy store of the cell ATP is used by cells to perform their daily tasks 5. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP 6. ATP + H2O --- > ADP + Pi + Energy 7. ATP ATP can be broken down into a molecule of ADP by removing one of the phosphate groups This releases energy ADP can be remade into ATP later when the cell has food that can be broken down (i.e glucose) 8. Cell Respiration and Production ofATP The breakdown of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) releases energy The energy released is used to build molecules of ATP When a cell requires some energy it will break down ATP 9. Respiration There are two types of respiration Aerobic (requires oxygen) Anaerobic (does not requires oxygen) 10. Mitochondria Structure Mitochondria Smooth outerMembrane Folded inner membrane Folds called Cristae Space inside cristaecalled the Matrix 11. Aerobic Respiration Requires Oxygen Main type of respiration that occurs in most situations in Plants and Animals Involves complete breakdown of glucose back to CO2 and WaterC6H12O6 + 6O2 ----- > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATPs 12. Stages of Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Preparation for Citric Acid Cycle (link raction) The Krebs Cycle (Citric acid cycle) The Electron Transport Chain 13. Where Does Aerobic Respiration Take Place? Glycolysis occursin the Cytoplasm Link reaction andKrebs Cycle on thematrix ETC takes place inthe innermembrane of themitochondria 14. Glycolysis Glycolysis is the first stage ofcellular respiration Occurs in cytoplasm Glucose (6C) is broken downinto 2 molecules of 3-carbonmolecule pyruvate ATP and NADH are produced as part of the process 15. The link reaction Before the next stage can begin, pyruvate is transported insidethe mitochondria. The pyruvate releases one molecule of CO2. It then combines with an enzyme called Coenzyme A to formthe two-carbon molecule acetyl coenzyme A. 16. Krebs cycle Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 Turns twice per glucose molecule Produces two ATP 17. Electron Transport Chain Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria Electrons are passed along the chain, from one proteinto another Electrons drop in energy as they go down the chainand until they end up with O2. 34 ATP are produced during this stage 18. Name of stage Site Key events12.3.4. 19. Name of stage SiteKey events1 GlycosisCytoplasm2. Preparation forMatrix of thecitric acid cycle mitochondria3. Citric acid cycleMatrix of(Krebs cycle) Mitochondria4. Electron transport Innerchain membrane ofmitochondria 20. Anaerobic RespirationFermentation Releases energy from glucose without the presence of oxygen There are 2 types of fermentation: Alcoholic Lactic acid ATP is still produced from glucose but not as efficiently as with Aerobic Respiration Produces only 2 ATP 21. Alcoholic fermentationOverall Equation: Glucose 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP Yeast produce wine and beer and cause bread to rise 22. 31Wine makingGrapes are crushed and the sugar they contain is fermentedby yeasts to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide.The carbon dioxide usually escapes but if the wine isbottled before fermentation is complete, the carbon dioxidedissolves and escapes as bubble when the bottle is openedThis is the case with sparkling wines such as ChampagneDifferent varieties of grape produce different types of wine 23. 35Baking In baking, yeast is added to a mixture of flour and water,made into the form of a doughThe yeast first changes the flour starch into sugar and thenferments the sugar into alcohol and CO2The CO2 forms bubbles in the dough which cause it toexpand (rise)When the dough is baked, the heat evaporates thealcohol but makes the trapped bubbles expand giving thebread a light texture 24. 37The holes in thebread are made bythe carbon dioxidebubbles.This gives thebread a lighttexture 25. Lactic Acid Fermentation Overall Equation: Glucose 2 Acid Lactic + 2 ATP Bacteria produce yogurt and cheese. In Muscle Cells- During exercise, the oxygen in the muscle tissue is decreased to an extent that aerobic respiration does not occur at a sufficient rate. Hence, there is a buildup of lactic acid and your muscles get tired 26. Factors Affecting RespirationKind of Cell or Tissue Young and Developing cells usually have higherrespiration rates Developing and Ripening Fruit and Seeds, too Older Cells and Structural Cells Respire at Lower Rates 27. Factors Affecting RespirationTemperature Respiration generally Has Higher Optimum andMaximum Temps than PS Rxs Can Have Net Dry Matter Loss at High Temps whereRespiration Exceeds PS Temp Refers to Temp Inside Plant or Animal Cell, notAir Temp Using Irrigation to Help Cool the Plant Can Keep the Plant inNet Gain Range 28. Factors Affecting Respiration Oxygen Low O2 Can Reduce Aerobic Respiration and Increase Anaerobic Respiration 29. Factors Affecting RespirationATP Higher [ATP] Reduces Rate of Respiration Feedback Inhibition Usually Occurs when other Metabolic Processes HaveSlowed or Stopped 30. Factors Affecting RespirationCO2 Higher CO2 Levels Reduce Rate of Respiration Feedback Inhibition Seldom Occurs except when O2 Levels Are Limited Flooded, Compacted Soils