Chapter 16Religion and Science

1450-1750

Religiona personal or uniformed

experience?

Fragmentation of Western ChristendomThe Protestant Reformation

What is the Christian Church?A question

since the death of Jesus…

Jesus washes the feet of his followers and

teaches people to be kind and help others

The pope elevates himself and makes others kiss his feet

Woodcuts by Lucas Cranach the Elder

The selling of Indulgences

Martin Luther(1483-1546) German

Ninety-Five Theses (1517)

Criticized indulgences and papal power

Basic Catholic beliefs

• Salvation lost through sin–Penance = act to

gain forgiveness• Clergy = mediators

between God & humans

• Purgatory• Power of the Saints

Basic Protestant beliefs

• Faith = salvation• “Priesthood of all

believers” (no pope)• Clergy can marry• Local vernaculars• No Purgatory or

Saint Worship

Why the difference?

Catholic and Protestant churches

The Catholic Counter Reformation

Reform and Educate

Jesuits1540, founded by Ignatius Loyola

-----------------------------------Spread message

of reform and convert Africans,

Asians, and Americans

European Religious Wars

Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

German Peasants’ War

1524-1525

Civil War in France 1562-1598

Spanish Armada attacked England 1588

The Globalization of Christianity

Christianity adapted and mixed with

cultures and traditions

around the world

China and the Jesuits

Jesuits like Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)

spread Catholicism and western maths and

sciences

Tried to make Chinese culture and Christianity appear

compatible---------------------------------------

1700s Christian missionaries were expelled - why?

Confucianism continued---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Buddhism shifted to empower laypeople (much like Luther)

Islam continued to spread local customs diversified beliefs

Some Muslims pushed for uniformity1700s Wahhabi movement = Sunni ultra-fundamentalist

Challenging Traditions in India

-------------------------------------The more personal bhakti movement

appealed to women and

challenged caste

Scientific RevolutionWestern Europe

Why Europe?

More academic independence

***Some influences from Arab scholars

Experimental Methodcontrolled experiments to

prove hypothesis and find facts

Francis Bacon(1561-1626)

EmpiricismThe only way to gain knowledge

is with experimentation

Rene Descartes(1596-1650)

RationalismDoubt everything until

proven

Major Accomplishments in Astronomy

Babylonia 400s BCE to 200s BCE

Greece600s BCE to 200s CE

Arab Middle East800s CE to 1500s CEEurope 1500s CE

Nicholas Copernicus

(1473-1543) PolishHeliocentric

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642)

1633 Arrest and heresy trial(cleared in 1992)

Isaac Newton(1642-1727)

Laws of Motion and

Universal Law of Gravitation-------------------------------------

All objects are attracted to

each other by gravity

j

Medical Advancements

Dangerous Hospitals, Purging, and Bloodletting

Wars Provided Many Corpses To Study

Andreas Vesalius

(1514-1564)Belgium

(Flemish)

1453 published

On the fabric of the human body

Edward Jenner

(1749-1823)--------------------------------

-----1796 Smallpox

Vaccine influenced by

work done by the Turks

Science contributed to European global dominance

Enlightenment1600s and 1700s

The Age of Reason (rationalism)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Literate and Educated Elite Progress and natural rights

Governmental Philosophy

Thomas Hobbes vs John Locke

• People are evil and selfish “The condition of man... is a condition of war of everyone against everyone”

• Kings keep order• Give up rights in

exchange for order

• People are good and reasonable

• Government protects Natural Rights

• Rebel against a bad government

Absolutist

Anti-Absolutist

French SalonsPrivate Drawing Rooms to Discuss Ideas

Madame Geoffrin’s Paris Salon

Charles Baron de

Montesquieu(1689-1755)

Constitutions and Separation

of Powers

Voltaire (1694-1778) France--------------------------------

Religious Tolerance

--------------------------------

Free Speech

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Scotland1776 The Wealth of

Nations

Free MarketLaissez-Faire

The “Invisible Hand” of the market

Smith believed this would raise the living standard of working class

Mary Wollstonecraft(1759-1796)

Education for women

1792 A

Vindication of the

Rights of Woman

Enlightenment expanded from the elite salons into The Public Sphere