UNDERSTANDING

INTERNETWORKING

INFRASTRUCTURE

Introduction

Scope & Sequence

1. Basic components of Internetworking Infrastructures

Maj Shahzad

2. Basic components of Internetworking Infrastructures

Kamran Arshad

3. Future of IT Saud Tariq

4. IT Infrastructure of NADRA& The Project MGM

Maj Manzar

Part 1

Major Shahzad

1. How does IT influence the customer experience?

2. Does IT enable or retard growth?

3. Does IT favorably affect productivity?

4. Does IT advance organizational innovation and learning?

5. How well is IS run?

Critical Questions for IT

1872 War Dept. synoptic map

Surface station coverage:

evolution

an internetwork

World

Weather

Watch

• Planned early 1960s

• Operational 1968

• Modern form of the

world’s oldest and best

developed global digital

data infrastructure

Paul N. Edwards

12

1980’s

• PC released

• People moved jobs to computers

• No longer needed staff for computing/data processing

• LANs allowed people to share files, printers etc.

• IT services provided over distributed servers

13

1990’s

• Internet boom

• TCP/IP provided robust standard for messages between all computers on web

• Network resources available to individuals

Graph of Moore’s Law

The Evolution of Corporate IT Infrastructure

16

A Graphical Representation of Metcalfe s

Law

The Bandwidth Explosion

2001+ True voice-over-IP telephony, high resolution Internet television, music and movies on demand, virtual workplaces, broadband wireless.

1999-2000 Live audio and video streaming events, digital commerce, Internet radio and television, voice chat applications.Streaming audio and video, advanced e-commerce, live stock quotes, 1,000 MBps.

1997-1998 Mass WWW adoption, graphic intensive, instant messaging.

1996-1997 Mass e-mail adoption, basic WWW sites.1994-1996 Large file transfer, e-mail.1990-1994 File transfer.1960-1990 Increasing Network Bandwidth

The IT architecture of an

e-business

Corporate Telecommunications System

Understanding Internetworking Infrastructure

Part 2

Kamran arshad

fundamental components of Internetworking

Infrastructures

Core Technologies Key Management Issues

Network Fiber optics, cable systems, DSL, satellite,

wireless, Internetworking hardware

(routers, switches, firewalls), content

delivery software, identity and policy

management, net monitoring.

How to select technologies & standards

How to select partners

How to manage partner relationships

How to assure reliability

How to maintain security

Processing

Systems

Transaction software (enterprise systems

offered by companies such as SAP or

Oracle; or more targeted

solutions offered by companies such as

Trilogy an d i2), servers, server

appliances, client devices (PCs, hand

held)

What to keep internal and what to Outsource.

How to deploy, grow, and modify.

Enterprise system or best-of-breed hybrid?

Relationships with legacies.

How to manage incidents.

How to recover after a disaster.

Facilities Corporate data centers, collocation data

centers, managed services data centers,

data closets

Internal or external management?

Choosing a facilities model suited to your

company.

How to assure reliability.

How to maintain security.

Fundamental components of Internetworking

Infrastructures

• Local Area Networks

• Hubs, Switches, and Network Adapters

• Wide Area Networks

• Routers

• Firewalls and other security systems and devices.

• Caching, content acceleration, and other specialized network devices.

The Technological Elements of Networks

A simple lan

An example of wan

• Client devices and systems

• Server devices and systems

• Mainframe devices and systems

• Middleware

• Infrastructure management systems

• Business applications

The Technological Elements of Processing Systems

Types of Client/Server Computing

Servers in a Typical E-Commerce Configuration

• Buildings and physical spaces

• Network conduits and connections

• Power

• Environmental controls

• Security

Technological Elements of Facilities

A Modern Data Center

• Internetworking technologies are based on open standards.

• Internetworking technologies operate asynchronously.

• Internetwork communications have inherent latency.

• Internetworking technologies are naturally decentralized.

• Internetworking technologies are scalable.

Operational Characteristics of Internetworks

Term Definition

Bandwidth The maximum rate at which information can

be transmitted along a communication link.

Bit Smallest unit of information handled by

computers

Bits per second or

bps

Bandwidth measurement unit

Bandwidth Rates Bit equivalent Information Transfer

speed

1 kilobit (Kb) 1 thousand bits 1,000 bits/ second

1 megabit (Mb) 1 million bits 1,000,000/ second

1 gigabit (Gb) 1 billion bits 1,000,000,000/

second

Measuring network bandwidth

Communication technology bandwidth and user

groups

The Rise of Internetworking:

Business Implications

• Better Data, Better Decisions

• Improved Process Visibility

• Improved Process Efficiency

• From Make-and-Sell to Sense-and-Respond

• Network becomes a computer

• Quicker realization of economic value

The Emergence of Real-Time Infrastructure (Cont……)

Broader Exposure to Operational Threats• Rapid Fire Progression(prone to malfunctions)

• Effective Disaster Recovery

• Internetworking Technologies Allows Access

• Computer Security Problems have progressed to Highest Levels

New models of Services of Delivery• Standardization and Technology Advances - Specialization in Value

Chain, Economy of scales & Higher service levels

• Strong Partners & Managing Relationships are Vital to Reliable service delivery

• Integration of New Models to all of company’s Infrastructure

Managing Legacies• Fitting Infrastructure into Complex Organizations – Uncertain

outcomes

• Processes, Complexity and Cultures are more significant legacies

Date Target Coy Results of Attack

07 Yahoo Overwhelming spike in traffic that lasted 3hours.

Network availability dropped from 98% to 0%.

Attack originated from 50 different locations and was timed to

occur during middle of business day.

Stock was down 3.2% for week in which NASDAQ rose almost 3%.

08 Buy.com Attack occurred within 1 hr of the coy’s Initial Public Offering.

Stock was down at weeks end more than 20% from IPO price.

Ebay Stock was down 7.3% for week in which NASDAQ rose almost 3%.

CNN.com Service disrupted.

09 E*TRADE Attacked during peak trading hours.

Stock was down 7.6% for week in which NASDAQ rose almost 3%.

ZDNet Service disrupted.

18 FBI Service disrupted.

24 National

Discount

Brokers

Group

Attacked during peak trading hours.

Operators accidentally crashed site as they attempted to defend

against the attack.

Denial of Service Attacks in February 2000

E-Commerce – Lessons Learnt

There are many definitions for E-commerce. Examples:

“The electronic exchange of information goods, services and payments”

but underneath the surface E-commerce is also:

…the digitization of information...Internetworking of human ingenuity creating a new socio-economic transformation…propelled by BRAINS instead of BRAWN…driven off by both technology push and business pull…the foundation of a new economic order

Nations need to identify clusters for industrial development and reposition themselves to be at the centre of the virtual marketspace…

E-Commerce Reduces Transaction Costs

“Transaction costs represent more than 50% of the activities within the US economy. Transaction activities are defined as defining, protecting, and enforcing property rights to goods (the right to use, the right to derive income from the use of, the right to exclude, and the right to exchange.”- Douglass North, US-economist and Nobel laureate

E-commerce reduces transaction costs !

8.0

1.0

AirlineTickets

1.08

0.54

0.13

2.22 to 3.32

0.54

0.13

400-700

200-350

15.00

5.00

0.20-0.50

Banking BillPayment

Term LifeInsurance

SoftwareDistribution

US$ per transaction

Traditional System

Telephone based

Internet based

The Destruction Of The Vertically Integrated Value

ChainIntegrated monolithicVertical value chain

Domain:Closed ProprietaryNetwork

Multiple product specialists collaborating within an e-business community, creation of alliances

Domain:The Internet

CHANGE

These Companies can deliver products and services at a much lower cost and utilising fewer assets !

New Infomediaries –

“Hollowing-Out”Physical Economy

‘Marketplace’

Product

e.g. PakistaniConsumers

e.g. Pakistaniintermediaries

Digital Economy‘Marketspace’

$$$

Foreign/PakistaniConsumers

Multi Products

Infomediaries:Portals, Search Engines, Communities

Gateways, Call/Service Centers

Information

Customisation

Fulfillment

Multiple Sources

A Service Centric Model

Infomediary leverages information by “BUYING at the point of LEAST COST and SELLING to the point of HIGHEST PRICE”

INFOMEDIARY operating under theVIRTUAL VALUE CHAIN

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE(i) Telecommunications

(ii) Integrated Global Logistics

Supplier ACountry 1

Manufacturer BCountry 2

Designer CCountry 3

Distributor DCountry 2

Customer ECountry 4

Utilize :1.Infrastructure to arbitrage

cost, skills, productivity, taxes, etc. across multiple jurisdictions

2. Network and information3. Channels of distribution

E-Commerce Implications In Context Of Globalisation

United Statesof America

Canada

Australia

New Zealand

Japan

United Kingdom

Germany

Singapore

Ireland

IndiaMalaysia

Pakistan

1. First-mover enjoys entrenched position as ‘lock-in’ increases switching costs

2. There will winners and losers in Knowledge Age

3. Government interventionist policies are needed to correct for market imperfections

4. Capital will gravitate towards a few ‘hubs’ which have developed a critical mass of users and producers

E-Business may be used to circumvent non-tariff barriers & gain access to the protected service sectors of emerging economies.

Dispute Resolution

PAKISTANILEGAL

SYSTEM

New System

Jurisdiction of dispute in Courts

Choice of lawPakistan’s Law

Evidence Act

REFJA (Reciprocal Enforcements of foreign Judgement Act)

REFJA is not enforceable in some major trading partners

Evidence electronic document

Choice of lawforeign or local?

Jurisdiction of disputeLocal or foreign court?

Existing System

The nature of E-Commerce causes existing laws not able to cover the resolution process especially in cross border issues

Part 3

Saud tariq

The Future of Internetworking

Infrastructure

Challenges of E-Businesses in Paradigm Shift of

IT

• Well Defined

• How we transport information within the networks.

• How we access network resources.

• Not Fully Developed/ Not defined

• How companies will engage with each other in real time transactions.

• Negotiating the terms of transactions.

• Establish business linkages.

• Settle accounts depends on standards and technologies.

Some Possible Examples

• Virtual Business

• The ease of doing business online has created a

boom in new businesses, or start-ups, is called

a virtual business.

• Vocational schools, universities, colleges, and

community centers offer technical training or

degrees for people interested in expanding their

technology skills.

• Technology skills will make you very attractive to

an employer.

E-commerce

• Electronic commerce, or e-commerce,

has made it possible for businesses to

directly reach customers anywhere in the

world.

• The main activity of e-commerce is buying and selling goods and services.

E-tail

• E-tail is electronic retail.

• An e-tail business sells products over the Internet.

• Any company can go online to sell any product.

• A multi-channel retailer uses several means to sell products.

• Putting catalogs on the Internet rather than shipping them by mail saves a lot of money in printing and mailing costs

e-ticketing

• Using their computers, people can now

purchase e-tickets, or electronic tickets.

• Some people find purchasing an e-ticket is

easier and cheaper than visiting an actual ticket agency

Video Conferencing

(face to face transactions)

Whole house control

Part 4

Major raja manzar

National Database And Registration

Authority (NADRA)

Information Systems

(IT Infrastructure Presentation)

Information Systems

(NADRA)

Information System related Powers

Multipurpose Databases

Data Warehouses

Networking

Interfacing of Databases and Related Facilities

Information Sharing

National Information Infrastructure (NII)

• Country wide data communication network

• E-Governance

• Automated fingered identification system

• Mutual Interfacing

• User and feeder Agencies

Information Technology Fundamentals

• Software

• Hardware

• Network

• Databases

Hardware

• Computer Accessories

• Camera

• Thumb Digitizer

• Signature Scanner

• Form Scanner

• Switch

• Printer

• LEDs

• Speaker

• Mini Frame

• Data Storage - Depositories

• Satellite

• Fiber Optic

• Web Server

• Printing Facility

• Billing Machines

• RFIDs

• BIO Metric Sensors/ Detectors

Software

• Microsoft Windows 2000 Advance Server

• FTRC Application

• SQL Server

• Perl Language

• PDMS-Urdu Font

• CRM Applications

• Online Verification Applications

Network

NSRC PRI RHQ

Filter

FTP Islamabad FTP Multan

Daily Reports & other

Important Documents

1.Batches2. CRM Files

3.Daily Reports

Reverse Population Data

Islamabad Server

Using Dialup

Using Satellite

PKN

KWL

VHR

KVL

MCN

SQB

RYK

Multan

BWP

SWL

RHQMultan

PKN

KWL

LHR 2

NRV

PAT

GUW

GUJ

QSR

LHR 1

SWL

RHQLahore

PKN

KWL

VHR

KVL

RWP II

MUR

AJK

CHK

ISL

RWP I

HQIslamabad

Connected with Satellite

Databases

• Modes/ Types of Data

– English

– Urdu/ Sindhi

– Numeric

– Date & Time Stamps

– Images

– Wavelet Sequential Query (WSQ)

– Facial Recognition

Databases

• Technologies– TeraData (Both in Urdu & English)

– Oracle

– SQL Server

• Capacities – At NDWH

• 1500 TB (60%) Extendible

– At Each NSRC • Server Contains 5 X 40 GB HDD

Main Databases

• Fast Track Registration Centre (FTRC)

• FTRC - Backup

• Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Security

• Fire walls.

• Anti Virus.

• Encrypted Data.

• Secure Socket layer (Safe Zone).

• Login Dependent Access.

68

In The Context of IT

Infrastructure

being a Business Venture

69

1896 Built as a guest house by Nawab of Bwp.

1910 Sold to the Gardezi Family.

1920 Leased to British Army for use as an officers club.

1947 Taken over by Pak Army and continued to be used as officers club.

1995 Neglected building was on the verge of demolition.

1996 Re-designation as Multan Garrison Mess.

2010 Major renovation & extension was planned.

2010 The unit took over the responsibility on 17 Jun.

69

INTRODUCTION

MGM project (multan)

• Why Need for IT system was felt

• Keeping/ updating data of members.

• Billing errors.

• Stock accountability.

• Staff record.

• Daily attendance.

• Financial transactions.

• Assets records.

MGM features

• Restaurant / Dinning halls.

• Marriage / Parties Halls.

• Out Door Marriage Marquise.

• Sports Complex (swimming, Gym, Squash, Lawn tennis etc).

• Guest rooms.

• Cinema.

• Garrison Official Functions.

• Tambola etc.

IT Features• One Software covering all Issues separately developed

by Edu Soft, Multan.

– LAN was established.

– 5 stations working at all venues.

– Main server was placed in office.

– Only Secretary had access to data checking / amendments.

– All old ledgers etc were shifted on Software.

– Routers for all members / rooms.

– Later all stations were linked on routers due to line breakages.

– Security Cameras features have been enhanced now on same software.

– Bio metric machines are in process (to be used through same software.

1. Recognize that E-Commerce will transform the

national/global economic landscape and the

emergence of new breed of companies providing

services in the e-space.

2. The borderless nature of E-Commerce will expose

to the impacts of liberalization and globalization and

it is imperative for nations to be e-ready.

3. The need to focus and develop skills in knowledge

intensive areas required by global markets e.g. EC

Tax advisors, Lawyers etc.

4. Clear policy framework required to create climate

for growth of ICT sector.

Conclusion