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Theories of Literacy Development Chapter 5 Pages 90-115

Chap. 5 theories of literacy development

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Page 1: Chap. 5 theories of literacy development

Theories of Literacy Development

Chapter 5Pages 90-115

Page 2: Chap. 5 theories of literacy development

Theory of Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget)-Describes the ways in which the quality of children’s thinking changes over time.-Piaget sought to explain the different ways in which his children processed information throughout their development.-He provides a framework for teachers to understand the way children at different stages think about objects and events.

-4 factors that affect the quality of thinking as an individual grows1. biological maturation: genetic heredity that is present at birth2. activity: physical experiences that the child goes through 3. social experience: the child's interactions with others4. equilibration: the child's search search for cognitive balance

-Stages of Cognitive Development1. Sensorimotor period (birth-2 years): thinking is based on sensory exploration of the world2. Preoperational period (2-7 years): The child starts to categorize their world with words3. Concrete Operational period (7-11 years): the use of concrete objects to start to think about abstract concepts4. Formal Operational period (11-adult): the movement beyond concrete to use language in an abstract way

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Maturation Theory● Morphett and Washburne (1931) conducted research to

determine the optimal age at which a child was developmentally old enough to learn to read.

● They found that a child 6 ½ would perform better on a reading achievement test than did younger children.

● Recommended that reading instruction not begin until students reach this age.

● Teachers and parents could cause damage to a child’s reading ability if they attempted to teach reading to children who were too young.

● Invented spelling was based off of this theory.

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Holdaway's Theory of Literacy DevelopmentReading is a natural developmental occurrence

Parents are models for children Social interaction

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Stage Models of Reading By knowing what stage students are in, teachers can better

understand and plan for the students’ needs.

Prealphabetic Stage(Logographic Stage)

Partial Alphabetic Stage

Full Alphabetic Stage

Consolidated Alphabetic Stage

Notable theorists:Ehri ChallFrith

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Emergent Literacy TheoryEmergent literacy: from birth to when children can read and

write at about a 3rd grade level.

Literacy development starts at birth and is

ongoing

Children's literacy ability correlates closely with literacy environment.

In the emergent literacy stage, children master concepts of print and concepts about books.

Listening, speaking, reading, and writing are all interrelated

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Family Literacy TheoryFamily literacy- the ways families, children, and extended family members use literacy at home and in their community (Morrow, 2009).

Family Literacy Theory is a series of ideas proposed by many researchers who share viewpoints on:

1. The design and implementation and evaluation of family members.

2. The relationships between literacy use in families and students academic achievements.

3. The ways in which literacy is naturally used within the context of home. (Phillips et al. 2006).

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Research Applications 1 ● Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

○ Bryant (2002) used theory to study how children learn spelling

○ determined that children first learn to use single pattern■ then learn alternative spelling pattern but single pattern is inadequate ■ overgeneralize pattern

● Maturation Theory ○ Abbott (2010) studied effects of grade retention○ found retention of young students is only effective when accompanied by

significant amounts of small-group, high quality reading instruction ● Theory of Literacy Development

○ Coker (2006) examined effects of five variables on children’s writing development

■ student background, vocabulary knowledge, reading skills, classroom literacy environment, and first grade teacher

○ found variables such as student background, reading skill, first-grade teacher, and first-grade classroom environment all predicted the children’s writing growth

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Classroom ApplicationsHoldaway's (1979) Theory of Literacy Development presents literacy growth as a natural process that begins in a young child's home.

Practices to use in the classroom:● Big books● Shared reading● Stage Models of Reading

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Research Applications 2 ● Stage Models of Reading

○ Cardoso- Martins (2001) studied early reading development of Brazilian Portuguese children

■ Two groups■ children in whole-word treatment group did not begin to engage in traditional

decoding during whole-word phrase■ found children were greatly influenced by instructional approach

● Emergent Literacy Theory ○ Many studies found that children show an increased level of reading engagement,

phonological awareness, comprehension, and vocabulary acquisition when using electronic rather than traditional texts

○ Jordan (2000) found that children whose families participated in intervention project demonstrated significantly greater early literacy achievement than the control children

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Summary 1 ● These theories explain children’s literacy development.

1. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development (1969)a. one of the most famous theories used to explain

children’s cognitive Development b. can be used to help literacy educators understand the

learning stages through which students progress as they mature and their relationship to literacy development

2. Maturation Theory (1931) a. literacy instruction should be delayed until children are

6.5 years old (age where you are most successful to learn how to read)

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Summary 2

3. Holdaway’s Theory of Literacy (1979)a. literacy development begins in children’s

homes and is based on meaningful learning experiences

b. created activities such as big books and shared reading to help educators re-create the kinds of early literacy experiences that were found in homes

4. Stage Models of Reading (1983, 1985, 1991)a. stages through which children progress in

the development of their word identification abilities

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Summary 3

5. Emergent Literacy Theory (2001, 2005, 2012)

a. explains how word identification abilities develop from birth onward

6. Family Literacy Theory (1993) a. focuses on unique the unique role

of the home and parents in children’s literacy development

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Ideas for Discussion 1

1. What is the Theory of Cognitive Development and how is it reflected in reading instruction and reading research?

2. What Maturation Theory and how is it reflected in reading instruction and reading research?

3. What is the Theory of Literacy Development and how is it reflected in reading instruction and reading research?

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Ideas for Discussion 2

4. What are the Stage Models of Reading and how are they reflected in reading instruction and reading research?

5. What is the Emergent Literacy Theory and how is it reflected in reading instruction and reading research?

6. What is Family Literacy Theory and how is it reflected and how is it reflected in reading instruction and reading research?

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Activities

● Developmental Case Studies o Readers can choose a child and

reflect on that child’s literacy development through each of the theoretical lenses described in each chapter.

o Case studies can be presented and contrast children of different ages.

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Activities

● Class-to-Life Writing Assignmento Write a summary on the major Developmental

Perspectives and provide examples of the ways in which each theory reflected in a current classroom setting Theory of Cognitive Development Maturation Theory Theory of Literacy Development Stage Models of Reading Emergent Literacy Theory Family Literacy Theory