Citation Styles in Academic Researches at AUE

CITATION STYLES IN ACADEMIC RESEARCHES

Kamal ElGazzar, PhD Candidate Library Consultant

Ministry of Foreign Affairs - UAE

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NOTE!

Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may

be differences in the style recommended by the School.

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REFERENCING What is referencing?

Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments. This allows the sources to be identified.

Why reference?

Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to identify and follow up works you have referred to.

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REFERENCING CONVENTIONSWhat ? Citing/Citation

o The way that (you) the writer refer to texts that you wish to include in your work – example to follow.

o Can also be all of the information retrieved from a bibliographical database search.

References

o An alphabetical list describing each source that you have used.

Bibliography

o A list of material you have used for information or inspiration but have not referred to directly in the text.

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STEPS IN REFERENCING Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the

source from which information is taken.

Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.

Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.

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METHOD OF CITATIONI) Numeric type

Allusion to every reference is assigned a number in Arabic Numerals (either in round brackets or as a superscript)in a serial manner in the manuscript. The reference list is numbered in the same manner correspondingly. If the same source is subsequently quoted again in the manuscript, it bears the previously assigned number. eg Vancouver, NLM,MLA.

This method of numbering of references is reader-friendly, as it permits easy location of the citation in the reference list by it’s serial number. However, any revision of the manuscript with inclusion of additional references is a bane for the author, as it involves the tedious task of re-numbering all the references in the new serial order.

II) Author-date type

o The name of author and the year are mentioned in the manuscript itself in parenthesis.

o The references are listed in alphabetical order based on the author surname.eg Harvard, APA.

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CITATION STYLES (1-7)

AMA Style

The largest physician group in the United States, the American Medical Association (AMA) has been publishing a style manual for its scientific journals since the early 1960s.

Instructions

Number references and list them in the same order they were first cited in the text.

Names: Use initials (without periods or spaces) for first and middle names.

Titles: For articles and parts of books, capitalize only the first word, proper nouns, and abbreviations that are ordinarily capitalized. For publications and books, capitalize the first letter of every major word. Abbreviate journal titles according to Index Medicus.

Dates: Use the order: month day year, spelled out.

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APA Style

The main scholarly association for academic psychologists in the United States, the American Psychological Association (APA) has developed standardized methods for citing print and electronic sources used in research. Below are instructions according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition) and http://www.apastyle.org/.

Instructions

Alphabetize each entry in a works cited list by the first letter, ignoring the articles A, An, and The. Indent subsequent lines of entries one-half inch.

Names: Use initials for first and middle names.

Titles: For articles, chapters and books, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns. Fully capitalize periodical titles.

Dates: Publication dates use the order year, month day. The access date uses the order month day year. If no publication date is available, use "n.d." in place of date.

http://www.apastyle.org/

http://www.apastyle.org/

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Chicago: Author-Date Style Begun in the 1890s as a simple list of style rules jotted down on a sheet of paper by a proofreader at the

University of Chicago Press, this style guide was expanded and published in book format in 1906, as A Manual of Style. Since then, the Chicago Manual of Style has become a highly regarded and widely used resource for writers and editors in the publishing field.In 1937, Kate Turabian (a dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago) created a simplified guide to Chicago style intended for students. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is still regularly published as a separate book, and Turabian is often used as a synonym for Chicago style.

Chicago/Turabian actually offer two styles of documentation, each one favored by different groups of scholars. The humanities or documentary-note style is favored by those in literature, history and the arts, while the author-date style is widely used by those in the natural or social science fields.

Instructions

Names: Author names should appear as they do on the title page, whether spelled out or using initials. The first author is listed last name first, but any other authors appear in normal order.

Titles: Use sentence-like capitalization: only the first word and proper nouns. Journal titles are fully capitalized.


Indent: Indent subsequent lines of entries one-half inch.

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Chicago: Humanities Style Begun in the 1890s as a simple list of style rules jotted down on a sheet of paper by a proofreader at the

University of Chicago Press, this style guide was expanded and published in book format in 1906, as A Manual of Style. Since then, the Chicago Manual of Style has become a highly regarded and widely used resource for writers and editors in the publishing field.In 1937, Kate Turabian (a dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago) created a simplified guide to Chicago style intended for students. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is still regularly published as a separate book, and Turabian is often used as a synonym for Chicago style.

Chicago/Turabian actually offer two styles of documentation, each one favored by different groups of scholars. The author-date style is widely used by those in the natural or social science fields, while the humanities or documentary-note style is favored by those in literature, history and the arts.

Instructions

Names: Author names should appear as they do on the title page, whether spelled out or using initials. The first author is listed last name first, but any other authors appear in normal order.

Titles: Titles of books, chapters and articles are capitalized sentence-style. Periodical titles are capitalized headline-style.


Indent: Indent subsequent lines of entries one-half inch.

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Harvard: Author-Date Style

Instructions

Names: Author’s initials are used for their first name. If an author has more than one initial do not put any spaces between initials. Where a resource has multiple authors, all authors are listed by last name and then first initial separated by commas.

Titles: Use sentence-like capitalization; only the first word and proper nouns. Include article or chapter titles in single quotation marks. Book and journal titles are fully capitalized.

Dates: Use on the year of the publication. For viewed dates use the format date month year with no punctuation between.

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MLA Style The Modern Language Association (MLA) is an organization of teachers and scholars devoted to the study of

language and literature. MLA style has been widely adopted by academic journals, schools, and instructors. Since its initial publication, the MLA Style Manual has become the predominant style guide for use in the Humanities in the United States, and is commonly used in Canada and other countries worldwide. Below are instructions according to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition), the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2nd edition) and http://www.mla.org/style.

Instructions

Alphabetize each entry in a works cited list by the first letter, ignoring the articles A, An, and The. Indent subsequent lines of entries one-half inch.

Names: Author names should appear as they do on the title page, whether spelled out or using initials. The first author is listed last name first, but any other authors appear in normal order. Name of the editor, compiler, or translator of a book (if applicable and if not cited earlier), proceeded by any appropriate abbreviation, such as Ed.

Titles: Capitalize the first, last, and all principal words.

Dates: Use the order: day month year. Shorten the month to the standard 3- or 4- letter abbreviation. If no publication date is available, use "n.d." in place of date.

Spacing: Citations should be double-spaced

http://www.mla.org/style

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Vancouver/ICMJE Style A small group of editors of general medical journals met informally in Vancouver, British Columbia,

in 1978 to establish guidelines for the format of manuscripts submitted to their journals. The group became known as the Vancouver Group. Its requirements for manuscripts, including formats for bibliographic references developed by the National Library of Medicine, were first published in 1979. The Vancouver Group expanded and evolved into the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), which has produced multiple editions of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.

Instructions

Number references and list them in the same order they were first mentioned in the text.

Names: Use initials (without periods or spaces) for first and middle names.

Titles: For articles, chapters and books, capitalize only the first word, proper nouns, and abbreviations that are ordinarily capitalized. For publication names, capitalize the first letter of all significant words. Journal titles may be abbreviated according to Index Medicus.

Dates: Use the order year, month day. Shorten the month to the standard 3-letter abbreviation without a period.

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REFERENCING EXERCISE

Practice at writing references

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1- REFERENCING EXERCISE - EBSCO

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2- REFERENCING EXERCISE - PROQUEST

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3- REFERENCING EXERCISE – MS WORD

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REFERENCING EXERCISE – MS WORD (1-6)

Ms word >Title par> Click References

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"Style" is under "References/Citations & Bibliography"

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Click References > Click Manage Sources > Click New

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Click References > Click Manage Sources > Click New > Click OK

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Click References > click Insert Citation > click Add New Source.

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Click References > click Bibliography > click Insert Bibliography

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HOW TO CREATE A REFERENCE LIST/BIBLIOGRAPHY A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages … etc, that

are cited in the text of the document.

A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background reading.

A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.

If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.

Each reference appears on a new line.

Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent.

References should not be numbered.

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Kamal ElGazzar

Library Consultant

Ministry of Foreign Affairs – UAE

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Education

Citation Styles in Academic Researches at AUE