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Civil Service in Developed & Developing Countries - A Comparative Study
Md. Shamsul Arefin
A member of Bangladesh Civil Service ( Administration Cadre)
Joint Secretary (OSD)
Ministry of Establishment
What is Civil Service?The term civil service has two distinct meanings:
A branch of governmental service in which individuals are employed on the basis of professional merit as proven by competitive examinations.The body of employees in any government agency other than the military.
A civil servant is a person in the public sector employed for a government department or agency. The term explicitly excludes the armed services, although civil officials work at "Defence Ministry" headquarters
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Characteristics Characteristics
Civil services in developing countries Civil services in developing countries are large, underpaid, and politicized. are large, underpaid, and politicized. Hence service delivery is inefficient and Hence service delivery is inefficient and
corrupt. corrupt. The consensus in the development The consensus in the development
community is on a merit model for community is on a merit model for civil-service reform (the model used civil-service reform (the model used by today’s advanced countriesby today’s advanced countries).).
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Organizing principles for a civil Organizing principles for a civil serviceservice
Merit systemsMerit systems employ people on the basis employ people on the basis of merit, protect them from undue political of merit, protect them from undue political interference, and provide equality of access. interference, and provide equality of access.
New Public Management principlesNew Public Management principles provide provide options to improve the performance options to improve the performance orientation of merit systems in the core civil orientation of merit systems in the core civil serviceservice
Civil service systems and performance Civil service systems and performance orientation:orientation: Merit systems improve performance.Merit systems improve performance. Merit systems are pre-conditions for NPM-style options.Merit systems are pre-conditions for NPM-style options.
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Organizing principles for a civil serviceOrganizing principles for a civil service
1.1. The merit model promotes competence The merit model promotes competence and protects the civil service from and protects the civil service from political interference.political interference.
2.2. But it largely fails in developing countriesBut it largely fails in developing countries3.3. The evidence of history shows the The evidence of history shows the
conditions under which merit reforms conditions under which merit reforms come about and subsequently develop.come about and subsequently develop.
4.4. Merit-based reform in developing Merit-based reform in developing countries is blocked by politics and by countries is blocked by politics and by large government.large government.
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Merit-based Civil ServantsMerit-based Civil Servants
Entrance to the service based on Entrance to the service based on competitive exams.competitive exams.
Protection of civil servants from arbitrary Protection of civil servants from arbitrary removal.removal.
Protection of their political neutrality.Protection of their political neutrality. Policing of these rules by an independent Policing of these rules by an independent
body.body.
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Merit-based Civil ServantsMerit-based Civil Servants
Common features:Common features: positions are established centrally and classified according to positions are established centrally and classified according to
rank; rank; bureaucrats are paid a salary and pension that is determined by bureaucrats are paid a salary and pension that is determined by
their rank, rather than the work that they do; their rank, rather than the work that they do; there are often impediments to external lateral entry at senior there are often impediments to external lateral entry at senior
grades; grades; there are few points of entry, with most entering at a young age there are few points of entry, with most entering at a young age
and most senior positions filled by promotion. and most senior positions filled by promotion. ..
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Merit-based Civil ServantsMerit-based Civil Servants
1.1. New interests with the need and the power to New interests with the need and the power to promote a more efficient and honest public promote a more efficient and honest public administration are weak in many countries. administration are weak in many countries.
Some countries are characterized by spoils systems Some countries are characterized by spoils systems that provide the currency of political competition. that provide the currency of political competition.
Others are characterized by the continuing vigor of Others are characterized by the continuing vigor of traditional systems (kinship and loyalty ties, for traditional systems (kinship and loyalty ties, for
instance) which frustrate reform movements.instance) which frustrate reform movements.
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Table 1: Comparing Civil-Service Systems: Management Principles
Patronage system (traditional)
Patronage system (modern) Merit system New-Public-Management options
Entrance criteria
Based on loyalty/affinities and, to a varying extent, merit.
Informally based on loyalty/affinities, formally on merit criteria (see merit column)
Competitive, transparent process open to all citizens.
Tenure and relation to political principals
Tenure last no longer than the political principal’s term in office.
Most appointments on political/ welfare grounds. Lifetime tenure, with removal only through due process.
Lifetime tenure, with removal only through due process, protects political neutrality.
Remuneration Less rigid pay structure. Sometimes political contributions from pay, or political services, are required.
Formal pay structures undermined by variety of allowances, supplements, etc. Political contributions and services often required.
Relatively rigid pay structure based largely on rank (rather than work done); sometimes back-loading of rewards (e.g. Japan).
Pay structure based on work done, with some element of reward for performance.
Position classification
Same as merit system. Positions are established centrally and classified according to rank.
Lateral entry points (internal or external labor market)
There are often impediments to external lateral entry at senior grades; there are few points of entry, with most entering at a young age and most senior positions filled by promotion.
Impediments to external entry are loosened, especially at more senior levels.
Senior appointments
Many countries have flexible approaches to political appointments.
The amount and depth of political (as opposed to merit) appointments is limited in most OECD systems. US, notably, allows large numbers of political appointments.
Senior posts are subject to contractual (performance) conditions and tenure is removed
Management Management is centralized, often with an independent body managing appointments.
Decentralization of management.
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Table 2: Comparing Civil-Serice Systems: the External Environment
Patronage system (traditional)
Patronage system (modern) Merit system New-Public-Management options
Political arrangements and the civil-service system
Spoils systems fund politics (by rewarding for political loyalty, services) or affinity systems (kin, elites, etc.). Traditional spoils systems can be formal (codified) systems.
Modern spoils systems are informal, hidden behind formal merit systems. Informal patronage politics are based on spoils systems, affinity systems, or public-welfare-employment policies (government as employer-of-last-resort).
Merit systems arise under mature democracies with checks and balances and where political parties are funded independently of civil-service spoils. Merit civil services protect their privileges, acquire a corporate identity, and become an interest group.A merit system, by protecting civil servants from politicians, promotes credible commitment, but at the risk of shirking and inefficiency.
NPM options have mostly been applied where merit systems are entrenched, not to change them fundamentally, but to modify them partially. Regimes more akin to private-sector personnel systems have been applied in non-core agencies (e,g, executive agencies), while core agencies have retained most elements of a merit system.NPM options seek to bring back accountability to politicians and promote efficiency, but at the risk of politicization.
Labor-market conditions and the civil-service system
Scarcity of “modern-sector” jobs.Poorly functioning labor markets, and scarcities of qualified people.
Well-functioning labor markets, but many civil services function as internal labor markets, insulated from the national market.
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BrazilCivil servants in Brazil, Servidores públicos in Portuguese, are those working in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the federal government
Canada's public service
Canada's civil service is a body with less than 10 departments and 450,000 members, including commissions, councils, crown corporations, the Office of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Each provincial government also has its own public service.
China One of the oldest examples of a civil service based on meritocracy is the Imperial bureaucracy of China, which can be traced as far back as the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC). Officers work in the areas of administration. Appointments are based solely on merit.
FranceThe civil service in France (fonction publique) is often considered to include government employees, as well as employees of public corporations.
The Civil Service exams in India is conducted by Union Public Service Commission. Union Public Service Commission conducts Civil Service Examinations every year to select officers for the All India Civil Services and the Central Civil Services (Grade A and Grade B). The examination is a three stage process which consists of Civil Services Aptitude Test CSAT (Earlier Civil Services Preliminary Examination) , Main Examination and the Interview.
Entry into the Civil Services is through a competitive examination by public service commission. Close to 3.5 lakhs of candidates apply every year for the 400 to 500 vacancies.
The civil service in Spain (funcionariado) is often considered to include government employees.
The civil service in the United Kingdom only includes Crown employees; not those who are parliamentary employees. Public sector employees such as those in education and the Health sector are not considered to be civil servants
In the United States, the civil service was established in 1872. The Federal Civil Service is defined as "all appointive positions in the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the Government of the United States, except positions in the uniformed services. civil servants are not allowed to engage in political activities while performing their duties.
Certain senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies are filled by political appointees.
Basic Features of Civil Services
The primary objective of the Civil Service of different countries is to ensure that the Civil Service is honest, trustworthy, efficient and provides high quality services to the public.
ii. The Public Service (Disciplinary) Regulation which is made under acts or regulations to regulates the conduct of disciplinary proceedings and of procedures leading to maintain discipline of officers in the Civil Service.
iii. Public Service Commission is an independent statutory body established under the The function of the Commission is to ensure appointment, promotion and discipline matters in the Civil Service.
iv. Appointment to the Civil Service is based on the principle of open and fair competition. Civil service vacancies are filled by selection from among eligible candidates through a competitive selection process on the basis of merit. The aim is to appoint “the best person for the job.
v. All applicants must meet the basic entry requirements in order to be considered for appointment. The entry requirements for civil service grade and rank are normally set with reference to academic or professional qualifications, technical skills, working experience, language proficiency and other qualities.
PromotionPromotion is the usual means for filling vacancies in higher ranks in a grade (promotion ranks), by selecting officers from a lower rank in the same grade for promotion. Officers are selected for promotion on the criteria of character, ability, experience and any qualifications prescribed for the higher rank.
Promotion is not a reward. The officer selected for promotion must be the most meritorious, one who is able and ready to perform the more demanding duties at a higher rank. Seniority also will be given due weight. All eligible candidates are considered on equal terms irrespective of their terms of appointment.
CIVIL SERVICE PAY SYSTEM
Civil servants are remunerated on some sets of pay scales of their respective grade and rank. The officers normally advance one increment a year within their respective grade scales until they reach the maximum point of the scales. ii. The objective of civil service pay is to offer sufficient remuneration to attract, retain and motivate staff of suitable caliber to provide quality service to the public. Such remuneration should be regarded as fair both by civil servants and by the public which they serve.
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The performance-based reward systems into the Civil Service is available in some countries whose aim is to improve the current performance management system. Other objectives are to -
Make performance management system a more useful management tool which should in the end be able to distinguish good performers from poor performers and ultimately support a more performance-based reward system; and
Provide additional tools to motivate and reward staff.
Other benefits Leave BenefitsThe civil service leave provision to make it more in line with private sector provisions. For the sake of flexibility and administrative simplicity, it allows encashment of leave balance when an officer leaves the service.
Housing BenefitsProvisions for housing benefits are made for the every civil servants of the world for ensuring their better service.
Transport Facilities: This is also provided to all civil servants of different countries.
Medical and Dental BenefitsOfficers and retirees with pensions and their dependants are eligible for free medical advice and treatment, investigative procedures and medicines are free in some countries. Dental treatment (extractions and fillings) is also provided free of charge in government dental clinics.
CIVIL SERVICE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
The Governments believe that good training and development efforts are essential to enhance the performance for the effective functioning of the CS,. Effective training;
Helps disseminate the vision, mission and core values of the organization;
Enables CS to acquire the knowledge and skills to meet organizational goals and standards;
Improves individual performance and changes attitudes and behaviour; and
Prepares CS to cope with increasing demands arising from the changing, political, economic and management environment.
In this context civil service training is given to civil servants and to equip civil servants with the necessary skills and knowledge to help implement the new initiatives.
CONDUCT AND DISCIPLINE IN CIVIL SERVICE
The Administration is committed to upholding a high standard of integrity and conduct within the civil service. They strive to promote good standards of conduct within the civil service and to ensure that disciplinary action is strictly enforced in misconduct cases.Guiding Principle2. Civil servants are required to use their best efforts to promote the interests of the Government. They should be honest and impartial in their dealings with members of the public, and should not -(a) put themselves in a position or take part in activities where their private interests conflict with their official duties or bring the civil service into disrepute;(b) use their official position to further their private interests; or(c) lay themselves open to suspicion of dishonesty.Disciplinary Action3. Civil servants are liable to disciplinary action if they -(a) fail to observe any government regulations or official instructions;(b) misconduct themselves in any manner; or(c) by their actions bring the civil service into disrepute.
CONDUCT AND DISCIPLINE IN CIVIL SERVICE
Proceedings under formal disciplinary action are held in accordance with the principles of natural justice.
He/she is then given the right to be heard and to make representations on the comments or criticisms made against him/her. Such action is taken for serious misconduct or repeated minor misconduct, including unauthorized absences from duty, unauthorized outside work, negligence or insubordination.
For minor and isolated cases of misconduct such as lateness for duty, informal disciplinary action is taken.
RETIREMENT OF CIVIL SERVANTS
Retirement Policy1. Civil servants are normally required to retire from service upon reaching prescribed normal retirement age.
2. The normal retirement age for civil servants varies from the age of 55 to 67 depending their economic situations.
3. Civil servants appointed on agreement or other terms would not normally be appointed beyond the age of 60.
The Australian Public Service
The Australian Public Service (APS) is the group of people employed by departments, agencies and courts under the Government of Australia to administer the working of the Public Administration of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Australian Public Service formally comprises all persons employed under the Public Service Act 1999. This includes all government departments, the court system and also some government agencies.
In the 2006-07 financial year, there were 155,482 public servants employed under the Public Service Act. This includes 143,525 ongoing (or permanent) employees and 11,957 contract employees. The largest group of public servants are women (57%) and work in the Australian Capital Territory (36%).
The largest government agency is Center-link with 27,296 employees, followed by the Australian Taxation office (23,110)
Each Department is headed by a Secretary, and each independent authority by an appointed head, whose job description includes the administration of the people in that organization and evaluates performance and compliance, and helps to build the capability of the Service.
Organizational Structure of Australian Civil Service
The head of an Australian Government Department is the Secretary - like a CEO in the private sector. Secretaries are the pivotal advisors to Ministers on government policy, and lead the executive of their Departments.Deputy Secretaries are also part of Departmental executives. Deputy Secretaries hold the Public Service level of Senior Executive Service (SES) Band 3. A Department typically has between four and six Deputy Secretaries.
Deputy Secretaries directly supervise First Assistant Secretaries (FAS) (SES Band 2), each of whom oversees a Division of a Department.Assistant Secretaries (AS) ( Band 1) manage Branches of Divisions.
Sections of Branches are headed by Directors. Directors manage a group of departmental officers.
Bangladesh Civil Service
Bangladesh Civil Service, more popularly known by its acronym BCS, is the elite civil service of the Government of Bangladesh.It originated from the Civil service of Pakistan. Since independence it has been known by Act as Bangladesh Civil Service. The Bangladesh Public Service Commission (BPSC) is the main policy setting and recruitment body of BCS. BCS has 28 cadre services. BCS recruitment system consists of - preliminary MCQ test, written test, viva-voce, final result publication, medical test, police verification and finally appointment.
The cadres and entry posts of the Bangladesh Civil ServiceI. The General CadresII. The Technical Cadres are:
Technical cadres are:BCS (Public Works): Assistant Engineer 2. BCS (Roads & Highways): Assistant Engineer 3. BCS (Telecommunications): Assistant Divisional Engineer 4. BCS (Public Health Engineering): Assistant Engineer 5. BCS (Forest): Assistant Conservator of Forest 6. BCS (Health): Assistant Surgeon / Medical Officer 7. BCS (Railway Engineering): Assistant Engineer 8. BCS (Livestock): Veterinary Assistant Surgeon / Upazilla Livestock Officer 9. BCS (Fisheries): Upazilla Fisheries Officer 10. BCS (Statistics): Statistical Officer 11. BCS (General Education): Lecturer 12. BCS (Technical Education): Lecturer 13. BCS (Information), Technical: Assistant Radio Engineer (This cadre has both general and technical category posts) 14. BCS (Agriculture): Agricultural Extension Officer
Civil Service of Canada
The Public Service of Canada is the bureaucracy of the federal Government of Canada. Its function is to support the Canadian Monarch, and to handle the hiring of employees for the federal government ministries. It is represented by the Governor General.
PurposeThe purpose of the Canadian civil service is to enact the will of the government. It does this through providing advice, implementing the priorities of the government, supporting Crown and delivering services that support Canadians.
StructureThe chief public servant is the Clerks of the Queen's Privy Council. In 2007, there were approximately 200 departments, agencies, commissions, councils.A typical department is headed by a minister which is a political position held usually by a member of parliament, and who is a member of the Cabinet. The senior civil servant in a department is usually titled as Deputy Minister (given the title of Deputy Head). These officials are responsible for all on-going operations within their department, while minister are held responsible to parliament. Deputy heads report to the Clerk of the Privy council.
Civil Service of Canada
Under the Deputy Minister there will usually be three to five Assistant Deputy Ministers who oversee various broad aspects of the department (policy, administration, program implementation etc.). Within the jurisdiction of each Assistant Deputy Minister is usually two to five Directors-General who oversee more functional areas of each broad element of the department. Under Directors-General there are Directors, who oversee various directorates, which are the core of any department. These directorates contain the ground level in each department and are the members of the public service who implement government decisions.
Personnel HiringHiring (or selection) of civil servants is typically done through a competitive process that is either external (open) process or an internal (closed) process. External competitions are typically done to recruit a greater number of applicants. Conversely, internal competitions may be held for positions where there is considered to be adequate internal candidates and/or to provide opportunities for advancement within the civil service.
Civil servants in Canada are employed by the Canadian Monarch, who personifies the state and "enjoys a general capacity to contract in accordance with the rule of ordinary law.“ Hence, some civil servants, such as police officers, are required by law to recite the Oath of Allegiance before taking their posts. (Bureaucratic civil servants swear a different oath relating to fulfillment of duty and confidentiality.)
Size of Canada Civil Service
The public service has expanded over the years as population has grown, the number of services provided to Canadians has increased and with the introduction of new offices throughout the country. As of September, 2006, there were approximately 454,000 members employed by the Canadian federal government.
Only those in the first three categories would be considered traditional civil servants.There are approximately 100 distinctly different positions in the core civil service; most work in policy, operations or administrative functions. About 15% are scientists and professionals, 10% work in technical operations and 2.5% are Executives.
Quota system in Canada Civil Service
Gender and ethnicityThe Canadian Civil Service has made significant efforts to reflect the gender balance, linguistic, and ethnic diversity in Canada.
Recruitment System of Canada Civil Service
In 1849, there was a recognition that the roles of the political and non-political government officials needed to be defined and distinguished from one another.
1868 - the Canada Civil Service Act was enacted The "Civil Service Act“ created the Civil Service Commission, to oversee appointments to government positions.
Recruitment System of Canada Civil Service
1920s - the Commission created of a competitive system of examinations for appointment and promotion (a merit system) as a viable alternative to the patronage system.1924 - The was intended to promote and protect a career civil service. 1957 - The CSC establishes the Pay Research Bureau to provide objective information on rates of pay and conditions of employment in government and industry, and to recommend salary rates for civil servants.1961 - The Act has given the civil servants the right of appeal against not only promotions, but also transfers, demotions, suspensions and dismissals. 1979 - The Bilingualism Bonus was introduced for public servants who met the bilingual language requirements of their positions. 1984 - the Commission on Equality in Employment issued its report, which recommended that targets and not quotas are the most effective means of achieving equity in the employment of members of under-represented groups.
Canadian Standards of Competence to Measure Merit2004 - Public Service Modernization Act comes into effect. The Canada School of Public Service is formed. The Act also enabled the PSC to prescribe standards of competence to measure merit.
2006 - New Public Service Employment Act is released with significant changes to the staffing and labour relations process.
Civil Service of the People's Republic of China
The civil service of the People's Republic of China consists of civil servants of all levels who run the day-to-day affairs in mainland China.
LevelsCivil servants are found in a well-defined system of ranks. The rank of a civil servant determines what positions he/she may assume in the government how much political power he/she gets, and the level of benefits in areas such as transportation and healthcare.According to the Temporary Regulations for National Civil Servants, civil servants are put into a total of fifteen levels.
15 Levels of Bureaucracy in China
Level -1 Premier of the People's Republic of ChinaLevels 2 Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China and members of the State.Council Levels 3 Leading roles of ministries or equivalents, or of provinces or equivalents.Levels 4 Assisting roles of ministries or equivalents or of provinces or equivalents.Levels 5 Leading roles of departments or equivalents or of prefectures or equivalents.Levels 6 Assisting roles of departments or equivalents of prefectures or equivalents or assistant counsels.Levels 7 Leading roles of divisions or equivalents or of counties or equivalents , or consultants.Levels 8 Assisting roles of divisions or equivalents or of counties or equivalents or assistant consultants.Levels 9 Leading roles of sections or equivalents or of townships or equivalentsLevel 10 Assisting roles of sections or equivalents.Level 11-14 Staff membersLevel 15 Staff members of sub- ordinates
Employment History of Bureaucracy in China
China has had a tradition of maintaining a large and well-organized civil service. In ancient times eligibility for employment in the civil service was determined by an Imperial examination system.
State Administration of Civil ServiceThe State Administration of Civil Service (SACS) was created in March 2008 by the National People's Congress (NPC). It is under the management of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MHRSS), which resulted from the merger of the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. The function of the administration covers management, recruitment, assessment, training, rewards, supervision and other aspects related to civil service affairs.
The SACS also has several new functions. These include drawing up regulations on the trial periods of newly-enrolled personnel, further protecting the legal rights of civil servants and having the responsibility of the registration of civil servants under central departments.
French Civil Service
The French Civil Service is the set of civil servants working for the French government. Not all employees of the state and public institutions or corporations are civil servants; For instance, most employees of RATP and SNCF (road and rail transport authorities) are not civil servants.
The Civil Service is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as the administration, but, properly speaking, the administration is the compound of public administrations and public administrative establishments, not their employees.
About half of the civil servants are employed in the French public education system.Most employment positions in the French civil service are open to citizens of the European Union. Others, especially in police and justice, are specifically reserved for nationals, while a minority are open regardless of citizenship.
The French Civil Service is divided into two parts:Technical personnel and the State personnel - for industrial functions.
Hierarchy of French Civil Service
Civil servants of the State are divided into corps (administration), which may themselves be divided into ranks (grades) (called classes in certain corps). Corps are grouped in 3 categories named A to C.
A meaning "college graduate". For instance, the corps of professors of the universities is A category.
A corps divided into 3 classes such as second class (equivalent to an American associate professor), first class (full professor), exceptional class (leading full professor in his area).
Each corps has a set of possible job or task descriptions and may have its own particular statutes.
Great corps of the State : Certain corps enjoying particular prestige are called "the great corps of the State"
Duties of France civil service
Members of the great administrative corps are well represented in politics. This is facilitated by civil servants (of any level) being able to exercise elected office on a temporary leave from government.
Duties of Civil Servants in FrenchCivil servants have duties; failure to carry them out may result in disciplinary action, up to discharge. The main duties are:
Full commitment to professional activityA civil servant must devote his full professional activity to his appointed task. By exception, a civil servant may in addition to his regular activities write books; he may also accomplish certain tasks (teaching...) with the permission of his hierarchical supervisor.
Morality in France civil service
MoralityOne cannot be a civil servant if one has been convicted of a crime incompatible with one's functions. Even it is inappropriate for a member of the civil service to live with a delinquent partner or a prostitute.
ReserveA civil servant must not, by his actions and especially by his declarations, cause harm to institutions. Generally speaking, a civil servant should always refrain from enunciating personal opinions in a manner that can be meant the official opinion of the French government or a public institution. Civil servants of Foreign cardre should be especially prudent. For instance, an ambassador should refrain from making any private comment on international issues.
Neutrality in France civil service
Hierarchical obedienceA civil servant must accomplish the orders given by his hierarchical supervisor, unless those orders are evidently illegal and contrary to public interest. While the hierarchical authority is normally responsible for assigning civil servants to positions and evaluating their work, certain corps of civil servants follow specific rules regarding the management, evaluation and discipline of their members. Professional discretionCivil servants must not reveal private or secret information that they have gained in the course of their duties.HonestyCivil servants must not use the means at their professional disposal for private gain.NeutralityCivil servant must be neutral with respect to the religious or political opinions and should refrain from expressing their own opinions.Recruitment and careerMost positions are open to citizens of the European Union. Certain positions involving the main powers of the state are open only to French nationals. Some rare positions, e.g. university professors and researchers, are open regardless of citizenship..
Recruitment of France civil service
The general rule is that civil servants are recruited through written and oral exams in subjects pertaining to the tasks to be accomplished. For some top managerial positions, nominations are at the discretion of the executive.
High level nominations are made by the President of the Republic in the council of ministers. The rest are by the head of the agency they belong to, or by a minister.
Civil Services of India
The Civil Services of India, also known as the permanent bureaucracy of the Government of the Republic of India.
The executive decisions are implemented by the Indian civil servants. Civil servants are employees of the Government of India and not Parliament of India. Civil servants also have some traditional responsibilities which to some extent protect them from being used for the political advantage of the party in power. Senior civil servants may be called to account to Parliament.
The Civil Service does not include government ministers (who are politically appointed), members of parliament, members of legislative assembly, members of non civil service police officers and local government officials.
Head of the Indian Civil Service
The highest ranking civil servant is the Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat of Republic of India who is also the Cabinet Secretary. He is the Ex-Officio and Chairman of the Civil Services Board of the Republic of India; the chief of the Indian Administrative Service and head of all civil services under the rules of business of the Government of India.
The Civil Service is equipped with the skills and capability to meet the everyday challenges it faces and that civil servants work in a fair and decent environment.
Organization of Indian Civil Service
The construction of the Civil Services follows a certain pattern. The All India Services, Central Services and State Services constitute the Civil Services. Examinations for the state services are conducted by the individual states of India.
All India Services divided into three groups
Central Civil Services - Group "A“
Central Civil Services - Group "B“
State Services
The Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
The Indian Administrative Service (IAS) is the administrative civil service of the executive branch of the Government of the Republic of India.
The officers of the IAS play a major role in managing the bureaucracy of both the Union Government (Central Government) and the state governments, with its officers holding strategic posts across the country. It is one of the three All India Services.
Independence of the Indian Civil ServiceThe Constituent Assembly of India intended that the bureaucracy should be able to speak out freely, without fear of persecution or financial insecurity as an essential element in unifying the nation. The IAS officers are recruited by the Union government on the recommendation of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and posted under various State governments. While the respective State Governments have control over them they can not censure or take disciplinary action against IAS and other All India Services officers without consulting the Union Government (Central) and the UPSC. This independence has given them high image in civil society.
Examination.The Civil Services Examination is used for recruitment for many Indian administrative bodies. Civil Service Exam is conducted by Union Public Service Commission. It has three stages Preliminary Exam, a Main exam, and an interview - and is known for being extremely challenging. Recently the preliminary exam pattern has been changed. There used to be 23 optional subjects along with a general studies paper. Now there will be no optional subjects in the preliminary examination. Instead there will be a second paper which will be common for all candidates. It will check the administrative aptitude of candidates-hence its name - the Civil Service Aptitude Test [CSAT]. Entry into the IAS is considered very difficult; most applicants rank the Indian Administrative Service as their top choices because of the high prestige, salary, and benefits that come with such positions.
Recruitment systems of Indian Civil Service
Repeated attempts are allowed up to four times for General Merit candidates. The upper age limit to attempt the examination is 35 years and the minimum age is 21 years.
About 850 candidates are finally selected each year out of the nearly 200,000. IAS makes it the most competitive exam in the world.
Powers and jurisdiction of the Indian Civil ServiceA civil servant is responsible for the law and order and general administration in the area under his work.
Designation of Indian Civil Servants IAS officers
Position in the Government of India Level and Rank, Order of Precedence(As per Presidential order)
1. Junior Time Scale Entry-level—2. Senior Time Scale Under Secretary to Government of India3. Junior Administrative Grade Deputy Secretary to Government of India4. Selection Grade Director to Government of India5. Joint Secretary to Government of India6. Additional Secretary to Government of India7. Secretary to Government of India
(The highest rank in a department)8. Cabinet Secretary to Government of India (only one)
(Ex-Officio and Chairman of the Civil Services Board of the Republic of India; the chief of the IAS and head of all civil services under the rules of business of the government of India).
The report of the Sixth Pay Commissions with details on the amount of salaries can be found here, http://india.gov.in/govt/studies/ias_revised_eng.pdf
Position in the Government of India
All India Services
Central Civil Services - Group "A“Indian Administrative Service (IAS) Indian Forest Service (IFS) Indian Police Service (IPS) Indian Audits & Accounts Service (IA&AS) Indian Economic Service (IES) Indian Foreign Service (IFS) Indian Postal ServiceIndian Revenue Service (IRS) Income Tax Indian Revenue Service (IRS) Customs & Central Excise Indian Railway Accounts Service (IRAS) Indian Railway Traffic Service (IRTS) Indian Railway Personnel Service (IRPS) Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service (IP&TAFS) Indian Telecommunications Service (ITS) Indian Trade Service (ITS) Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers (IRSME) Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers (IRSEE} Indian Railway Service of Engineers (IRSE) Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers (IRSSE) Indian Railway Stores Service (IRSS) Military Engineering Service, Survey of India Service
Central Civil Services - Group “B“
Central Secretariat Service Defense Secretariat Service Union Territories Administrative Service Union Territories Police Service
State Services ( Group “C” ) State Administrative Service State Police Service State Forest Service Public Works Department
Italian Civil Service
In Italy the Senior Civil Service or "la dirigenza" is the set of high ranking executives who are in charge of the top and middle management of national or local governmental offices.
StructureSenior executives come in two levels:First and second level positions are identified in each ministry as Management positions. In each ministry, second level positions are further classified accordingly to the responsibilities attached to their offices position, corresponding to the classification adopted by the ministry.
Today senior civil servants are grouped into eight different contractual areas:Civil servants below executive level have a different contract with separate grading and pay arrangements.
Recruitment in the Italy Civil Service The Italian government encourages the recruitment of young executives, mostly fresh from university. This reflects the need to overhaul and rejuvenate the entire senior management position.Executives are normally recruited through competitions designed to eliminate politics from the general government. There are two types of competition:The executive group is increasingly targeting talent from the private sector, universities and regional entities, which currently account for 10% of first level executives and 8% of second level. External candidates can only be hired for a fixed term.
Appointment and tenureThe status of executives has been governed by private law since 1998.
A senior executive signs two contracts:Fixed-term contracts may not exceed three years for first level executives and five years for executives. These contracts set out the remuneration terms. Achievement of the objectives is nevertheless verified every year based on management control and strategic-planning results.First level SEOs must be confirmed by every new government, or they loose their position.
Performance assessment and pay structure in Italy Civil Service
The pay structure emphasizes workload, merit and work performance ("pay for performance"), while it has no regard to seniority and length of service.Pay is based on:Executives are subjected to an annual assessment based on achievement of objectives, the adequacy of actions implemented in compliance with ministerial directives and the information supplied by the management-control and strategic-assessment service. Executives whose contract expires are assessed to determine whether to keep and/or to promote them. Promotion and mobilityAn executive's career does not follow a straight line. On completion of a fixed-term contract, he or she can move from a grade C position to a grade A position if assessment results are highly satisfactory.
Mobility is an important concept. Executives are now entitled to work for up to five years in the private sector or in international organizations with the right to return to the executive group without loss of prerogatives.Lastly, line managers can become researchers. The Public Administration College allows interested executives to research useful government modernization themes.
Civil Service of Japan
The Japanese civil service has over one million employees, with 400,000 workers in postal service. In the post-war period, this figure has been even higher.
Appointments
National government civil servants are divided into "special" and "regular" categories. Appointments in the special category are governed by political or other factors and do not involve competitive examinations. This category includes cabinet ministers, heads of independent agencies, members of the Self-Defense Forces, Diet officials, and Ambassadors.
The core of the civil service is composed of members of the regular category, who are recruited through competitive examinations. This group is further divided into junior service and upper professional civil service elite.
The Elite bureaucrats of Japan Civil Service
The University of Tokyo law faculty is the single most important source of elite bureaucrats. After graduation from college and, increasingly, some graduate-level study, applicants take a series of difficult higher civil service examinations: in 2009, for example, 22,186 took the tests of higher (the 1st grade) civil service, but only 1,494, or 6.7 percent, were successful. Of those who were successful, only 660 were actually hired. The typical young bureaucrat, who is in most cases male, is an intelligent, hardworking, and dedicated individual. Recently, many top-class candidates in universities prefer to choose financial companies or certificate of lawyers and accountants rather than civil services, however. This is because salary in civil services is lower especially when they are young.
The public's attitude toward the elite is ambivalent. The elite enjoy great social prestige, but its members are also resented. They live in a realm that is at least partly public, yet far removed from the lives of ordinary people. Compared with politicians, they are generally viewed as honest.
Japan's elite bureaucrats are free from any political pressure because they work under civil service act.
Japan Civil Service
The Ministry of Finance is generally considered the most powerful and prestigious of the ministries of Japan. Its top officials are regarded as the cream of the elite. The Civil services in Japan underwent significant changes and reforms to work more efficiently in severe budget situation of the government in 2001.
Central Government Reform was implemented to merge existing ministries, strengthen the operation of cabinet and achieve more efficient work. Criticism to civil services from media and people has got stronger against some scandals, mal practice to assure the advantages of high-rank officials after retirement, salary standard and many other factors.
Civil Service of Malaysia
Each Ministry is headed by a Minister and the executive officer is known as the Secretary General. The Prime Minister’s Department is also a ministry.
Typically there are a number of departments and possibly one or more statutory bodies as well under a ministry. Head of departments are given the title Director General. Head of statutory bodies are called Chairman while the Chief Executive Officer who is a civil servant is called the General Manager. There are statutory bodies headed by the executive chairman who also functions as the General Manager .
The State Agencies consist of state departments, state statutory bodies and local governments (City, Municipal and District Councils).
The Civil Service of Malaysia
The term Public Service does not include special institutions like the Judiciary, Public Service Commissions.
Central AgenciesThe TreasuryThe Economic Planning Unit (EPU)The Implementation Coordination Unit (ICU)
The Central Agencies are Federal agencies responsible for formulating the national financial and economic policies, the public sector human resource policies and the monitoring and supervising the implementation of these policies. The central agencies are:
Ethnic relations and the civil service There is no bias there. All races are given opportunity for top management positions. There is no quota system in Malaysian civil service.
The Civil Service Agencies in Malaysia
Among civil service agencies in Malaysia are:
Royal Malaysian Police
Fire and Rescue Department Malaysia
Malaysian Civil Defence Force
Malaysian Prison Department
Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC)
Election Commission of Malaysia
Central Superior Service of Pakistan
The structure of civil service in Pakistan is established under Article 240 of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Constitution lays down separate service for federation and Provinces. Federal and Provincial Governments are required to regulate their civil services through Act of parliament. Legally, there is no service named as 'Central Superior Services of Pakistan '(CSS). This term has emerged from exam conducted by Federal Public Service Commission for appointment on posts at officer entry level in occupational groups of APUG. The FPSC holds the combine competitive exam annually under the title advertised as exam for 'Central Superior Services', the term of colonial days. Similarly, use of word 'Central' instead of 'Federal' and term 'Superior' are also legacy of past. These were relevant when there was Central Government under 1956 constitution and classes existed in civil service. The 1973 reforms abolished all classes in civil service. The concept of occupational groups was introduced. Following the foundations laid in the Constitution, the federal government promulgated The Civil Servants Act, 1973 and each province enacted its own Civil Servants Acts. The law allow civil service of federation, and of provinces, to be regulated as per rules notified under these enactments.
Consequently, both sets of governments have notified Civil Servants (Appointment, Transfer and Promotion) Rules, 1974. The qualification and method (the way) of filling of all posts is regulated by these rules. The posts at initial officer level i.e. BS-17, are classified to be filled by way of promotion or transfer and by direct recruitment They join service at young age as compared to departmental officers, and therefore reach to the highest slots. Since the number of direct officers at entry level is less but their quota in posts in BS-18 to BS-22 is fixed on higher side so their promotion are on fast phase. This arrangements makes the civil attractive for talented individuals and instill sense of superiority and pride. Currently, CSS Exam is conducted by FPSC includes the following Occupational Groups.
History of civil services in Pakistan
The civil Bureaucracy is a colonial legacy n this part of the world. The British used to rule the native population through Indian Civil Service (ICS) and most of the officers in ICS were British themselves. It was in the early 20th Century that the Indians also started competing against the British and many Indians eventually made it to the ICS. With the in 1947, the term 'Central Superior Services' was used in Pakistan and the concept of All-Pakistan Services continued. The latter consisted of the Civil Service of Pakistan and the Police Service of Pakistan, whereas the Central Services included the Pakistan Foreign Service and a broad category of Finance and other services. The Finance category included the Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service, Pakistan Railway Accounts Service, Pakistan Military Accounts Service, Pakistan Taxation Service, and the Pakistan Customs and Excise Service. The Central Services other than these included the Pakistan Postal Service, Pakistan Military Land and Cantonment Service, Central Secretariat Service, and Central Information Service. Each of these services had its own cadre and composition rules, specifying the total cadre strength in terms of its number of positions.
With the Civil Services Reforms of 1973 a new system of Common Training Program or CTP was introduced and all of these occupational groups (12 at that time) were required to go through a mandatory combined training at Civil Services Academy (CSA), Lahore. The batch of officers who attended CSA in 1973 is recognized as “1st Common”. Up till 5th Common the allocation of occupational groups was done after the culmination of Common Training Program but from 6th Common onwards this task has also been assumed by FPSC. Even till this day it is an official procedure that once the Probationary Officers successfully complete their CTP then they undergo some further Specialized Training Program (STP) in their own professional academies. Currently the whole civil service cadre is riddled with corruption and incompetence.
Commissioned officers of Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force and Pakistan Navy have their own quota of 10% in all service groups of the Central Superior Services but historically they have only joined District Management Group (DMG), Foreign Service of Pakistan (FSP), and Police Service of Pakistan (PSP). Usually officers of Captain Rank are short listed by General Head Quarters (GHQ) and selected against this quota after the permission directly by Chief of Army Staff before interview process.
District Management Group
District Management Group or DMG, is an elite cadre of the Civil Service of Pakistan.Officers in this group are recruited through a competitive examination held once a year by the Federal Public Service Commission of Pakistan. Those selected for this group have to undergo a two-year training programme at the Civil Services Academy (CSA) in Lahore, Pakistan.
The Indian Civil Service (ICS)—predecessor of the Civil Service of Pakistan and District Management Group—was established by the British. Later it was named the Civil Service of Pakistan. In 1954, an agreement was reached between the Governor General of Pakistan and the governors of the provinces to constitute an All-Pakistan service. Under administrative reforms of 1973, the name of Civil Service of Pakistan was changed to All-Pakistan Unified Group (APUG) of which the DMG and Police Service of Pakistan are now major components.
Appointments of DMG OfficersAfter completing initial training and probation at the CSA, officers are posted in field offices throughout Pakistan on BPS 17 Grade appointments. Their first appointment is typically as Assistant Commissioner of a sub-division. They will simultaneously be charged with the responsibilities of Deputy Collector (Revenue) and Sub-Divisional Magistrate. Subsequently as they progress in their careers, DMG Officers are placed on a variety of field, staff, secretarial and instructional appointments. The BPS grades are enumerated as:
Grade Appointment in Pakistan Civil Service
Field appointment of AC combines roles of Executive Magistracy (SDM) and Land Revenue (Dy. Collector)Acting charge of a Provincial Secretary is also sometimes held by an officer in BPS-19.BPS-20 Commissioners of Divisions are directly responsible to the Chief Secretary of respective Province.
Post Devolution (2001) Scenario
Since 2001, after the passage of Local Governance Ordinance (LGO) 2001 the nature of appointments taken by DMG officers has undertaken a shift. With the abolition of the institution of Executive Magistracy, the position of DM/SDM no longer exist. A DMG officer now makes a start as Deputy District Officer (Revenue), a new nomenclature for Deputy Collector (Land Revenue). Similarly, the erstwhile Deputy Commissioner has been replaced with a DO(R) under Land Revenue Act. AC has been replaced with DDOR, while the powers of Commissioners have been vested with EDOR. DCO the so-called head of district government is not even a revenue officer under Land Revenue Act. He cannot sit as a Revenue court and appeals against decisions of EDOR are heard in Board of revenue.
Singapore Civil Service
The Singapore Civil Service is the set of civil servants working for the Government of Singapore. Many of its principles were inherited from the administrative system left by the British Civil Service, as Singapore was once a British colony.
The Singapore Civil Service is widely regarded as one of the most efficient and uncorrupt bureaucracies in the world, with a high standard of discipline and accountability. It is widely regarded as one of the key contributors to the success of Singapore since independence.
Not all employees of the state and public institutions or corporations are civil servants. Usage of the term is usually reserved for employees working in government ministries and related departments. Those employed in Statutory Boards are known as "public servants".
Head of the Civil ServiceThe highest ranking civil servant is the Head of the Civil Service. The position holder is accountable for ensuring that the Civil Service is equipped with the skills and capability to meet the everyday challenges it faces and that civil servants work in a fair and decent environment.
Civil Service valuesThe core values of the civil service are integrity, service, and excellence.
The government of Singapore
The government of Singapore consists of several departments, known as ministries and statutory boards in Singapore. Ministries are led by a member of the cabinet and deal with state matters that require direct political oversight.
The member of the cabinet heading the ministry is known as the minister, who is supported by a junior minister known as the minister of state in Singapore. The administrative management of the ministry is led by a senior civil servant known as a permanent secretary.
Sri Lanka Administrative Service
The Sri Lanka Administrative Service (SLAS) is the key administrative service of the Government of Sri Lanka, with civil servants working for both in the Central Government as well as in the provincial councils. It was formed as the Ceylon Administrative Service (CAS) in 1963 as the successor to the Ceylon Civil Service which was abolished on May 1, 1963. It is the senior of the public services.
Based on the British Civil Service the SLAS is the permanent bureaucracy that helps the elected officials on day-to-day functions of government. They are selected, promoted by the Public Service Commission. But top positions in the government such as Permanent Secretaries are appointed by the President, in theory on the recommendations of the Public Service Commission.
A Permanent Secretary is the top bureaucrat of the government ministry and is responsible for the day-to-day functions of the ministry where as in theory the minister is responsible only for drafting policy. The head of the SLAS is the Secretary to the President.
Ceylon Civil Service
The Ceylon Civil Service, popularly known by its acronym CCS, originated as the elite civil service of the Government of Ceylon under British colonial rule in 1833 and carried on after independence, until May 1, 1963 when it was abolished and the much larger Ceylon Administrative Service (CAS) was created absorbing all executive management groups, was to be established with five grades. It was renamed following the declaration of the republic in 1972 as the Sri Lankan Administrative Service which is now the key administrative service of the Government.At the early days the CCS was staffed by Europeans, members of the British Civil Service and only later were Ceylonese admitted. Only six to eight (or in some years only one) out of a very large number of applicants were selected by open competitive examination from graduates with first class honors, between the ages of 22 and 24. The selected were classed as cadets and trained on public administration. They would receive job experience with rotation, serving in the districts, in public corporations, ministries and being part of ministerial delegations traveling abroad.
This ensured that the top non-elected government positions were held by the best available candidates. This was very important since the appointments were permanent. The officers of the CCS therefore commanded a high level of respect, a situation which has continued into the early 21st century. When the CCS was abolished its officers were taken in to the Ceylon Administrative Service, the successor to the Ceylon Civil Service
Sri Lanka Administrative Service
The Sri Lanka Administrative Service (SLAS) is the key administrative service of the Government of Sri Lanka, with civil servants working for both in the Central Government as well as in the provincial councils. It was formed as the Ceylon Administrative Service (CAS) in 1963 as the successor to the Ceylon Civil Service which was abolished on May 1, 1963. It is the senior of the public services.Based on the British Civil Service the SLAS is the permanent bureaucracy that helps the elected officials on day-to-day functions of government. They are selected, promoted by the Public Service Commission. But top positions in the government such as Permanent Secretaries are appointed by the President, in theory on the recommendations of the Public Service Commission.A Permanent Secretary is the top bureaucrat of the government ministry and is responsible for the day-to-day functions of the ministry where as in theory the minister is responsible only for drafting policy. The head of the SLAS is the Secretary to the President.
Her Majesty's Civil Service of England
Majesty's Home Civil Service, also known as just the Home Civil Service, is the permanent bureaucracy of Crown employees that supports Her Majesty's Government - the government of the United Kingdom composed of a Cabinet of ministers chosen by the prime minister, as well as the devolved administrations in Wales. Under the principle of responsible government, ministers are accountable to the Sovereign (The Crown - the monarch of the United Kingdom) and the Parliament of the United Kingdom (and, in the devolved administration in Scotland, the Scottish Parliament) in administering the United Kingdom. However, their executive decisions are implemented by Her Majesty's Civil Service, the British civil service. Civil servants are employees of the Crown and not Parliament. Civil servants also have some traditional and statutory responsibilities which to some extent protect them from being used for the political advantage of the party in power. Senior civil servants may be called to account to Parliament
Her Majesty's Civil Service of England
In general use, the term civil servant in the United Kingdom does not include all public sector employees; the term is usually defined as "a servant of the Crown working in a civil capacity who is not the holder of a political (or judicial) office; the holder of certain other offices in respect of whose tenure of office special provision has been made; [or] a servant of the Crown in a personal capacity paid from the Civil
As such, the Civil Service does not include government ministers (who are politically appointed), members of the British Armed Forces, police officers, local government officials, members of the National Health Service, or staff of the Royal Household.
Permanent Secretaries Management Group (PSMG)A permanent, unified and politically neutral civil service, in which appointments were made on merit and those who engaged in policy formulation and implementation in an "administrative" class.
The PSMG consider issues of strategic importance to the Civil Service as a whole, as well as providing corporate leadership where a single position is required across all government departments It is chaired by Head of the Home Civil Service and consists of all first permanent secretaries and other selected permanent secretaries and directors general. This includes Bruce Robinson, the current Head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service, and Peter Ricketts the current Head of the Diplomatic Service.
Civil Service Steering Board (CSSB)The CSSB was established in 2007 and meets monthly. Its role is to enhance the performance and reputation of the Civil Service by focusing on specific areas delegated to it by PSMG. The CSSB is chaired by Head of the Home Civil Service. Civil Service Commissioners The Civil Service Commissioners are not civil servants and are independent of Ministers, they are appointed directly by the Crown under Royal Prerogative and they report annually to The Queen.
Permanent Secretaries Management Group (PSMG)Their main role is regarding the recruitment of civil servants. They have the responsibility to ensure that all civil servants are recruited on the “principle of selection on merit on the basis of fair and open competition.
Political neutralityThe Home Civil Service is a politically neutral body, with the function of impartially implementing the policy programme of the elected government.
Like all servants of the Crown, civil servants are legally barred from standing for election as Members of Parliament or any other political office. All civil servants are subject to the Official Secrets Act, meaning that they may not disclose sensitive government information.
Civil Service of United States of AmericaIn the United States, the civil service was established in 1872. The Federal Civil Service is defined as "all appointive positions in the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the Government of the United States, except positions in the uniformed services.
In the early 19th century, government jobs were held at the pleasure of the president—a person could be fired at any time.
The spoils system meant that jobs were used to support the political parties. This was changed in slow stages by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and subsequent laws. By 1909, almost two-thirds of the U.S. federal work force was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. Certain senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies are filled by political appointees. Under the Hatch Act of 1939, civil servants are not allowed to engage in political activities while performing their duties.
The U.S. civil service includes the Competitive service and the Excepted service The majority of civil service appointments in the U.S. are made under the Competitive Service, but certain categories in the Diplomatic Service the FBI, and other National Security positions are made under the Excepted Service
Pay Systems of the USA Civil Service General Schedule (or GS) is the name used to describe a pay scale utilized by the majority of white collar personnel in the civil service of the federal government of the United States. The GS was enacted into law by the , which replaced a similar act of the same name enacted in 1923. The GS is intended to keep federal salaries equitable among various occupations ("equal pay for equal work").
The GS includes most professional, technical, administrative, and clerical positions in the federal civil service. The Wage Grade (WG) schedule includes most federal blue-collar workers. As of September 2004, 71% of federal civilian employees were paid under the GS; the remaining 29% were paid under other systems such as the Federal Wage System for federal blue-collar civilian employees, the Senior Executive Service/ and the Executive Schedule for high-ranking federal employees, and the pay schedules for the United States Postal Service and the Foreign Service. In addition, some federal agencies—such as the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Reserve System, and
All federal employees in the GS system receive a base pay that is adjusted for locality. Locality pay varies, but is at least 10% of base salary in all parts of the United States. The following salary ranges represent the lowest and highest possible amounts a person can earn, without earning over-time pay or receiving a merit-based bonus. Actual salary ranges differ (for instance a GS-9, step 1 in rural Arkansas may start at $46,625 versus $55,015 in San Jose, California), but all salaries lie within the parameters of the following ranges (effective January, 2009)19% of federal employees earned salaries of $100,000 or more in 2009. The average federal worker's pay was $71,208 compared with $40,331 in the private sector. In 2010, there were 82,034 workers, 3.9% of the federal workforce, making more than $150,000 annually, compared to 7,240 in 2005.
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