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MANAGEMENT LEARNING “Good things grow from small foundations” •What can we learn from classical management thinking? •What is unique about the behavioral management approaches? •What are the foundations of the modern management approaches?

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Page 1: Classical mgmt

MANAGEMENT LEARNING

“Good things grow from small foundations”

•What can we learn from classical management thinking?

•What is unique about the behavioral management approaches?

•What are the foundations of the modern management approaches?

Page 2: Classical mgmt

MANAGEMENT LEARNING

Classical ManagementMODULE GUIDE 3.1

Taylor’s scientific management sought efficiency in job performance.

Weber’s bureaucratic organization is supposed to be efficient and fair.

Administrative principles describe managerial duties and practices.

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CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT

Scientific Management

Scientific Management Emphasizes careful selection and training of workers

and supervisory support Described by Frederick Taylor’s “Principals of

Management” in 1911.

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CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT

Scientific Management

Taylor’s Four Principles of Scientific Management

1. Develop a “science” for each job—rules of motion, standard work tools, proper work conditions.

2. Hire workers with the right abilities for the job.

3. Train and motivate workers to do their jobs according to the science.

4. Support workers by planning and assisting their work by the job science.

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CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT

Bureaucracy

Bureaucratic OrganizationsDefined by Max Weber in late 19th century Focused on definitions of authority, responsibility

and processIntended to address the inefficiencies of

organizations at that time

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CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT

Bureaucracy

Characteristics of an Ideal Bureaucracy

Clear division of labor Jobs are well defined, and workers become highly skilled at performing them.

Clear hierarchy of authority and responsibility are well defined, and each position reports to a higher-level one.

Formal rules and procedures Written guidelines describe expected behavior and decisions in jobs; written files are kept for historical record.

Impersonality Rules and procedures are impartially and uniformly applied; no one gets preferential treatment.

Careers based on merit Workers are selected and promoted on ability and performance; managers are career employees of the organization.

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CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT

Administrative Principals

Administrative PrincipalsAttempts to document the experiences of

successful managersAnalyzes organizations in their social

contextTwo key contributors

Henri Fayol Mary Parker Follett

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CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT

Administrative Principals

Henri Fayol – Administration Industrielle et Generale - 1916

Five Duties of Managers According to Henri Fayol 1. Foresight—complete a plan of action for the future. 2. Organization—provide and mobilize resources to implement plan. 3. Command—lead, select, and evaluate workers. 4. Coordination—fit diverse efforts together, ensure information is shared and problems solved. 5. Control—make sure things happen according to plan, take necessary corrective action.

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CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT

Administrative Principals

Mary Parker Follett – 1920’sForesighted approachAdvocated managers and workers work in

harmony and employees should own a share of the business

Forerunner of “managerial ethics” and “social responsibility”

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MANAGEMENT LEARNING

Behavioral ManagementMODULE GUIDE 3.2

The Hawthorne studies focused attention on the human side of organizations.

Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

McGregor believed managerial assumptions create self-fulfilling prophesies.

Argyris suggests that workers treated as adults will be more productive.

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BEHAVORIAL MANAGEMENT

The Hawthorne Studies

Hawthorne Studies - 1924Studies tried to determine how economic

incentives and physical environment affected productivity

Involved 21,000 people over 6 yearsConcluded that human needs were an

important factor in increasing productivityResulted in “The Hawthorne Effect”

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Definition of Hawthorne Studies

“The Hawthorne Studies were conducted from 1927-1932 at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago, where Harvard Business School Professor Elton Mayo examined productivity and work conditions.”

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Definition of Hawthorne Studies Cont.

“Mayo wanted to find out what effect fatigue and monotony had on job productivity and how to control them through such variables as rest breaks, work hours, temperatures and humidity.”

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Mayo’s Experiment Five women assembled telephone relays, one

supplied the parts.

Made frequent changes in working conditions with their consent.

Records were kept of relays made, temperature and humidity of rooms, medical and personal histories, eating and sleeping habits, and bits of conversation on the job.

No one supervised the girls.

They were told to work as they felt and at a comfortable pace.

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Mayo’s Experiment Cont.

Productive capacity was measured by recording the girls’ output for two weeks before the study began.

First five weeks, no changes were made.

Third stage, a pay system was ensured allowing the girls’ to earn in proportion to their efforts.

Eight weeks later, two five-minute rest pauses were added.

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Mayo’s Experiment Cont.

Eighth phase, workday ended a half-day early.

Ninth phase, the girls finished an hour earlier than usual.

Five-day week introduced.

Girls went back to no breaks, lunches and a full work week, output declined for those twelve weeks.

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Results

Researchers found that output rates weren’t directly related to the physical conditions of the work.

Output went up when:They were put on piece-work for eight weeks.Two five minute rest pauses were introduced for five weeks.Rest pauses were lengthened to ten minutes.A hot meal was supplied during first pause.They were dismissed at 4:30 p.m. instead of 5:00 p.m.

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Results Cont. Output slightly fell when six five minute pauses

were added.

It remained the same when they were dismissed at 4:00 p.m. instead of 4:30 p.m.

Mayo believes “what actually happened was that six individuals became a team and the team gave itself wholeheartedly and spontaneously to cooperation in the experiment. The consequence was that they felt themselves to be participating freely and without afterthought, and were happy in the knowledge that they were working without coercion from above or limitations from below.”

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Conclusions

Work is a group activity.

Social world for an adult is primarily patterned about work.

Need for recognition, security and sense of belonging.

Complaints, commonly a symptom manifesting disturbance of an individual’s status position.

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Conclusions Cont.

Attitudes and effectiveness are conditioned by social demands.

Informal groups at work are strong social controls over the work habits and attitudes of a worker.

Change from established society to adaptive society.

Group collaboration.

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Brainstorming: How this can be used in organizations

Cooperation and communication with coworkers.

Rearrange/reorganize job functions.

Create an atmosphere of working as a team.

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Nuts and Bolts: Explanation of Topic

InterviewingProvide insight to workers moral, their likes

and dislikes and how they felt about their bosses.

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Nuts and Bolts: Explanation of Topic Cont.

Role of SupervisorRetained the responsibility of making sure

that their workers reached production levels, should lead their workers.

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Nuts and Bolts: Explanation of Topic Cont.

ManagementNeed to gain active support and

participation from workers, while maintaining managerial control.

Be patient with workers, listen to them, and avoid creating emotional upsets.

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Nuts and Bolts: Explanation of Topic Cont.

TeamworkCooperation, communication, sense of

belonging.“Man’s desire to be continuously associated in

work with his fellows is a strong, if not the strongest, human characteristic. Any disregard of it by management or any ill-advised attempt to defeat this human impulse leads instantly to some form of defeat for management itself.”

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How it Works in the Field

Aspects of Hawthorne StudiesWorkersManagementMotivationProductivity

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How it Works in the Field Cont.

WorkersInsights, suggestions, likes and dislikes,

moral, training.

ManagementTransfer of power to workers, knowing their

workers.

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How it Works in the Field Cont.

MotivationIncentives to increase productivity and

quality.

ProductivityBy increasing the output rate and keeping

costs down, the company will be able to increase profits.

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Summary

Hawthorne Studies dealing with worker motivation and work productivity.

Increase communication and cooperation among coworkers.

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Summary Cont.

Motivation can cause an increase in productivity

Involve employees in decision making.

Create a sense of belonging by creating teams.