Clauses & Phrases

PREPARED BY

UMAIR

NAME:UMAIR

ASLAM

Clauses & Phrases

Clauses

Cluster of words that contain:

subject + verb

I am Standing.

He reached university.

He is laughing.

Clause

Two or more clauses in a sentence

I am Standing.

He is laughing.

I am happy, because I won a prize.

I like Mathematics, but my brother likes Biology,

because he wants to become a doctor.

Clause

Phrase

I am standing near a table.

He reached university in time.

He is laughing at a joker.

Clause

INDEPENDENT

Dependent

Noun

Adjective

Adverb

Subject + verb = complete thought

He is wearing a shirt. I like Chinese rice. I bought a computer.

Examples

He is wearing a shirt which look very nice.

I like Chinese rice which tastes good.

I bought a computer that cost is 15000.

Examples

Subject + verb + subordinating conjunction

TYPES OF

SUBORDINATE OR

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Definition:- “A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb”.

Example:- He likes Chinese rice which tastes good.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

On the basis of their function in a sentence, subordinate clauses can be divided in to following types   

      

Noun Clause

Adjective Clause.

Adverb Clause

TYPES

  

“A dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence is called noun clause.”

A noun clause performs same function like a noun in a sentence.

        

What he did made a problem for his family.

Noun Clause:-

Example:-

A noun clause starts with words “that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever”.

Examples:- 

Whatever you learn will help you in future.     (noun clause as a subject)What you said made me laugh.                        (noun clause as a subject)He knows that he will pass the test.               (noun clause as an object) Now I realize what he would have thought.    (noun clause as an object) 

Adjective Clause:-       “A dependent clause that functions as an adjective in a sentence is called adjective clause.”      

Example:- He wears a shirt which looks nice.

Adjective (relative) clauses can be restrictive clause or non-restrictive clause.

“A restrictive clause limits the meaning of preceding noun or pronoun”.

“A non-restrictive clause tells us something about preceding noun or pronoun but does not limit the meaning of preceding noun or pronoun”.

Restrictive Clauses:-

Non-restrictive Clauses:-

•The student in the class who studied a lot passed the test. (restrictive clause)  

•The student in the class, who had attended all the lectures, passed the      test.      (non-restrictive clause)

Example:-

   

“A dependent clause that functions as an adverb in a sentence is called adverb clause”

It modifies(describes) the situation in main clause in terms of “time, frequency (how often),  cause and effect, contrast, condition, intensity (to what extent).”

Adverb Clause :-

Examples:-         

Don’t go before he comes.           He takes medicine because he is ill.           You are safe as long as you drive carefully.

Time: when, whenever, since, Cause and effect: because, since, Contrast: although, evenCondition: If, unless, only if,

Phrases

Definition Of Phrase

A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbs, but it does not have

a subject doing a verb.

Characteristics of Phrases Mostly Phrases do not have subject and a verb

E.G

on the way

Under the table etc.

Phrases may have Subject or a Verb but not at a same point in time, means Phrase cannot have a subject, doing a verb.

E.g.

leaving behind the dog (verb but no Subject)

smashing into a fence (verb but no Subject)

A man on the roof (Contains Subject but not verb)

The DIFFERENCE  BETWEEN A CLAUSE and a phrase is that a clause consists of both subject and verb, but a phrase lacks a subject and verb.

Phrase Is not a complete sentence it does not convey a proper meaning. Phrase is a part of sentence. Normally phrase and clause combine together to make a complete sentence.

Example

He reached school in time.

They are singing in a loud voice.

Characteristics of Phrases (Cont.)

PhraseClause

TYPES OF PHRASE

Noun Phrase

Prepositional Phrase

Adverb Phrase

Adjective Phrase

Absolut

e Phrase

Infinite Phrase

Participl

e Phrase

Gerund Phrase

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase consists of a noun and other related words (usually modifiers and determiners) which modify the noun.

Noun Phrase = noun + modifiers 

(the modifiers can be after or before noun)

Examples

He is wearing a nice red shirt. (as noun/object)

The boy with brown hair is laughing.         (as noun/subject)

 Prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition,

object of preposition (noun or pronoun) and may also consist of other modifiers.

E.G.

On a table,

near a wall,

in the room,

Prepositional phrase (cont.)

A single sentence may also contain two or three prepositional phrases

Adjective Phrases

An adjective phrase is a group of words that perform the

function of an adjective.

An adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a

noun or pronoun.

Allama iqbal was a wise man. (wise is an Adjective)

Examples

Allama Iqbal was a man having great wisdom.

Adverb phrases

An adverb phrase is a group of words that performs the function of an adverb.

an adverb is a word used to qualify any part of speech except a noun or pronoun.

She replied politely. (politely is an adverb)

Examples

She replied in a polite manner.

He works without considering his health.

Verb phrases

They consist of verbs and all the related helping verbs,

including all modifiers(adverbs , prepositional phrases and

objects).

Examples

Ali made his coach very proud.

Atif is playing hockey.

TYPES OF PHRASESParticiple Phrase

Gerund Phrase

Infinitive Phrase

Absolute Phrase

A participle is a type of verbal. A participle acts as an adjective to modify a noun or

pronoun.

Participle act as an adjective and end in ing -ed-en-d-t-n

Present participle end in ing Past participle end in ed – en -n –d -t

Participle

Examples

Shooting star (Shoot =verb)

A participle phrase is an adjective phrase that starts with a participle.  It usually follows the noun (or pronoun) which it modifies.

A participial phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the participle, such as

Participle Phrase

Removing his coat , Jack rushed to the river.

Is that Arthur running for the bus?

We saw a car, damaged in a car accident.

Children interested in music early develop

strong intellectual skills.

Examples

Gerund

Gerund is a verb that ends in ing and used as a verbal nounIt performs the function of both noun and verbA gerund can be used both as as an object and subject of the sentense

Examples:

Dancing is enjoyable and creative vocation

He loves eating chocolates.

A gerund phrase acts as a noun in a sentence. A gerund phrase is a group of words that consist of a gerund ,object and modifiers.

Gerund

Object

Modifiers

Gerund Phrase

Gerund Phrase

Examples

Shahid loves playing word games with his friends

Reading books in our free time is a good habit.

Infinitive Phrase

An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It

will include objects and/or modifiers. Examples :To smash a spiderTo kick the ball past the dazed goalie

Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

He likes to read books.          (As noun/object) To earn money is a desire of everyone.    (As noun/subject)

He shouted to inform people about fire. (As adverb, modifies verb shout)

He made a plan to buy a car. (As adjective, modifies noun plan)

 

Infinitive Phrase

An absolute phrase combines a noun and a participle with any accompanying modifiers or objects.

NOUN + PARTICIPLE + OPTIONAL MODIFIER(S) AND/OR OBJECT(S)

Examples:

Legs quivering

Her arms folded across her chest, Professor Hill warned the class about the penalties of plagiarism.

He looks sad, his face expressing worry.

Absolute Phrase