Effective cleaning and disinfecting (C&D) methods can decrease transmission by reducing pathogens in the environment below infectious level.

By reducing the number of surviving pathogens, the chance of disease being passed to an uninfected flock will be reduced.

Through C&D coupled with all-in, all-out farm replacement is recommended to prevent disease transmission from old flock to new ones.

Introduction:

Cleaning & disinfecting should also be applied to all aspects of human and mechanical traffic between farms and flocks, in addition to sanitizing poultry houses between flocks.

Cont…….

Preparing the house begins with removing the previous flock and continuous through removing all manure and providing a sufficient empty house down period to allow for a die-off of residual pathogens that may have survived the C&D process.

Its important steps areBird removalLitter or manure removalFeed system sanitationWater system sanitation

Preparing The House:

Vector controlHousing and equipment sanitationIdle time between flocks

Cont……

Removal of bird is essential to breaking a disease cycle from flock to flock.

Fugitive birds are a perfect reservoir of pathogens and will meander from house to house in their search for feed and water.

All the birds must be caught and disposed of before the C&D process can be complete.

Bird removal:

It should be completely removed from the house and transported as far away as possible.

Manure and litter contain disease vectoring insects and bacteria or viruses that were shed by the previous flock.

Distance from the poultry house is an important consideration because M&L can be very attractive to free-flying wild birds that can transmit poultry pathogens.

Litter and Manure removal:

All remaining feed from the previous flock should be removed from the system.

Residual feed left in the house is an attractive food source for rodents and beetles, which can act as vectors for pathogens.

Feed bin should be thoroughly cleaned to prevent mold buildup.

After the bins have dried completely , the boot can be reassembled.

Feed system Sanitation:

Feed pans should be removed from line feeders and completely cleaned with , paying particular attention to removing any mold buildup.

After applying a disinfectant , placing the pans outside in the sun to dry will allow ultraviolet rays to aid in killing pathogens.

Caution:Do not return pan feeders to the house until

the total house C&D has been completed.

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Water lines should be flushed by openings the line at the end , to remove any buildup of loose slime or scale.

All water filters should be replaced between flocks.

Chlorine compounds are good disinfectant in the absence of organic debris.

Chlorine is effective against bacteria and many viruses. These compounds are also more active in warm water than in cold water.

Water system Sanitation:

With the use of a medication proportion, the water system can be chlorinated.

Clean and remove all feed and other organic material from waterers before chlorination.

The best way to distribute the chlorine solution quickly throughout the drinking system is to remove the drain plug at the end of the each line, and left for 24 hours

Cont……

Caution: Great care is required with chlorine

concentration greater than 5% because they may cause corrosion of metal equipment or parts.

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It is important to reduce or eliminate insects, free flying birds, and rodents as they can transmit pathogens.

Insects can be finished by applying an insecticide while,

Cleaning of feed system can greatly reduce rodent population.

Free flying birds can be excluded from the houses by eliminating openings in excess of ¾ inch.

Vector control:

Be sure to sweep away all dead insects and remove any dead rodents before disinfecting the house.

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The house should be swept from top to bottom and thoroughly dry cleaned including fan blades, louvers, lighting fixtures, curtains and walls.

Then it should be washed with a detergent solution that is best applied with a high pressure sprayer.

The spray should be applied with a minimum pressure of 200 psi to remove any remaining debris.

Then high-pressure clean water should be sprayed , to wash off residual detergent and organic material.

Housing and equipment sanitation:

Finally, after the is allowed to dry, apply a high pressure spray disinfectant – through covering all surfaces. It is important that good penetration into cracks and crevices.

Two applications are recommended when the previous flock has had a disease history.

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Idle time between flocks is the final step, and one of the most important part of C&D.

After the final disinfection, close and lock the house while it is drying.

Be sure to exclude all traffic including employees, and specially animal vectors.

Pathogens vary in their ability to survive outside the host, so the longer the idle period between flocks, the greater will be the reduction in pathogens.

Idle time between Flocks:

Ideally, poultry houses should be left idle for a minimum of two weeks.

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Choosing a Disinfectant

Disinfectants are chemicals that kill pathogens on contact. The lethal action of disinfectant for various pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa) depends on the chemical composition of the disinfectant and the type of organism. When choosing a disinfectant, consider these characteristics:

CostEfficacyActivityToxicityResidual activity

Introduction:

Effect on fabrics and metalsActivity with soapSolubilityContact timeTemperature requirement

Cont…..

Disinfectants that used on poultry farms can be divided into the following classes based their chemical composition:

PhenolsHypochloritesIodophorsQuaternaryFormaldehydeOxidizing agentsNatural disinfecting agents

Disinfectants:

Phenols are coal-tar derivatives. They turn milky in water.Phenols are effective antibacterial agents, are

effective against fungi and many viruses.They also retain more activity in the presence

of organic material than iodine or chlorine-containing disinfectants.

They are not effective against bacterial spores.

Phenols:

Chlorine compounds are good disinfectant on clean surfaces, but quickly inactivated by dirt.

Chlorine is effective against bacteria and many viruses.

These compounds are also much more active in war water than in cold water.

Chlorine solutions can be somewhat irritating to the skin and corrosive to metal.

They are relatively inexpensive disinfectants.

Hypochlorites:

Iodine compounds are available as Iodophors, which are combinations of elemental iodine and a substance that makes the iodine soluble in water.

They are good disinfectant, but do not work well in the presence of organic material.

Iodophors are effective against bacteria, fungi, and many viruses.

In hatcheries, iodine is used on equipment and walls, and for water disinfection.

It is the least toxic of all other disinfectants.

Iodophors:

QA compounds are greatly odorless, colorless, nonirritating, and deodorizing.

They also have some detergent action, and when used properly, all are good disinfectants.

However, some QA compounds are inactivated in the presence of some soaps or soap residues, so careful product selection is important.

Like most disinfectant, their antibacterial activity is reduced in the presence of organic material.

QA compounds are effective against bacteria and somewhat effective against fungi and viruses.

Quaternary Ammonium:

Formaldehyde gas is the most commonly used fumigant.

Crystals of formalin are mixed with chromic acid that react to release formaldehyde into the air.

In order to be an effective disinfectant method because the toxic gas can penetrate well into small cracks and crevices.

Caution: Formaldehyde gas can be extremely toxic to

humans and other animals and its use may not be allowed in some areas.

Formaldehyde:

Hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents like per acetic acid and propionic acids or acid peroxygen systems are used in commercial poultry operations.

They are active against bacteria, bacterial, viruses, and fungi at quite low concentrations.

Oxidizing Agents:

The natural forces that reduce the pathogen load in the environment are important and can often be used to our advantage.

These include sunlight are tremendously potent killers of microorganism.

This can be extremely effective outside of buildings, but unfortunately the ultraviolet rays cannot pass through glass, roofs, or dust.

Drying from fresh air and wind will also kill pathogens, particularly when directly exposed after the facilities have been cleaned.

Natural Disinfecting Agents:

A well – designed C&D program is one of the best methods we have of maintaining a farm free of disease – producing microbial agents. It is one of the most difficult tasks to accomplish, but when it is successfully done, the improvements in flock performance generally more than justify the effort.

C&D process is necessary to gain high production.

First of all dry cleaning or dusting is done.Then all the remaining debris is removed by

the washing of detergent solution.After drying an disinfectant is applied.Disinfectant should be powerful and less

expensive.Phenols, QA, Iodophors, Hypochlorites, and

oxidizing agents are most commonly used on poultry farms.

SUMMARY

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