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Cold War
1. Reasons for the Cold War
2. Actions of the Cold War
3. The end of the Cold War
Most of This Is in Chapter 17 & 19 of Your Textbook.Most of This Is in Chapter 17 & 19 of Your Textbook.
Part 1: ReasonsPart 1: Reasons
• Your goal:
Be able to explain why the Cold War happened.
What does “cool” mean?
Why would a war be called “cold”?
What does temperature have to
do with anything?
What Is a Cold War?
• No actual battle between the countries at war.
• THE Cold War was the period of hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union 1945-1991.
What are some reasons for the USSR to dislike the US?
• The US did not join WWI until after Russia had to quit.
• The US did not join WWII until after USSR had lost millions of lives.
What are some reasons for the US to dislike the USSR?
• The USSR signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler.
• The USSR was communist.
The biggest reason for the Cold War:
Communismversus
Capitalism
Capitalism vs. Communism
• Free elections• More than one
political party• Industry/agriculture
owned by individuals
• Different social classes
• Freedom of speech
• One-party state• Industry/agriculture
owned by the state• No different social
classes• Government
controls people’s lives
• Strong censorship
Capitalism vs. Communism
• You can create a business, make lots of money, and have more things than other people.
• Some people get rich. It could be you!
• No matter how hard your neighbor works, he will never make more money or have more things than you.
• It’s not fair for some people to be wealthy, while others starve.
Which country was communist?
Which countries were capitalist?
and many more.
Put these on your chart also.
Put these on your chart also.
How did the Cold War start?
Yalta Conference 1945
Germany didn’t surrender until May 1945, but the Allies met at Yalta in February 1945 to discuss the
end of the war.
The Cold War begins …World War II isn't over yet.
Yes, but we need to plan for the end of the war.
Yalta Conference 1945How will we keep the peace?
How will we punish Germany?
How will we rebuild Europe?
Yalta Conference 1945What about the homeless people?
Don't you want revenge?
What do we do with the war criminals?
Don't you want revenge?
and the broken factories and fields
and the countries without governments?
They can't even pay their bills! How will any of this work?
Yalta Conference 1945
The three major results of this conference were:
• United Nations• Dismemberment of Germany
• Reparations
United Nations
• The League of Nations failed• The United Nations was the new and
improved version
• Differences:– More members worldwide– More military force to keep peace
Yalta
How to deal with Germany:
Two main goals:• Keep Germany weak• Make sure it can pay for the damage
Yalta
Keep Germany Weak
• Germany cannot be trusted• Dismember* it so it is remains weak
• The Allies will divide Germany into four parts and keep military control over it.
* Dismember: to take apart
Yalta
Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Winston
Churchill Churchill to describe the to describe the separating of separating of Those Those
communistcommunistlands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from
the the West. West.
Yalta
Reparations
• After WWI, Germany had to pay 32 billion marks.
• What was the result?
* Reparations: payment for damages
Yalta
Reparations
• After WWII, the Allies would get “paid” by whatever their portion of Germany produced.
• Factories, mines, labor, etc.
Yalta
The Marshall Plan
• US Secretary of State George Marshall, 1947
• He proposed financial aid for all of the needy European countries.
• The US would loan them money to help them rebuild.
• This money would be spent on American products, so it was profitable, to the US.
The Marshall Plan
Soviet opposition
• The Soviet Union did not want countries in Eastern Europe to accept this money.
• Economic involvement with the United States was dangerous to communism.
Keep my neighbors communist!
Soviet Fear
• The Soviet Union did not want Germany to rebuild.
• Why wouldn’t they want that?
Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Winston
Churchill Churchill to describe the to describe the separation of separation of
communistcommunistlands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from
the the West. West.
Iron Curtain
Two sides of Cold War
• NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• USA, France, Great Britain, West Germany
• CAPITALISMCAPITALISM
• Warsaw Pact – pro Soviet countries – USSR, and all countries controlled by the USSR.
• COMMUNISM
Cold War goals
• the United States wanted countries to be capitalist and democratic
• the Soviet Union wanted countries to be communist
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
US alliance with Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Norway,
Denmark, and Iceland
Warsaw Pact
USSR alliance with East Germany,Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania
Containment
• This was the foreign policy of US President Harry Truman.
Contain Communism!
Keep communism
from spreading to other
countries.
Brinkmanship*
• Going to the edge of war, without actually starting any fighting.
• How far can you push it, before someone calls your bluff?
*Brink: the edge of something
Why Brinkmanship?
• War between the superpowers would almost certainly involve nuclear weapons.
• Millions would be killed.
• No one wins a nuclear warNo one wins
The superpowers want to avoid direct war between them.
Why Brinkmanship?
• The USSR eventually had the same nuclear weapons power as the US.
• Both sides could destroy the other many times.
Mutually Assured Destruction
No one wins.
Part 2: ActionsPart 2: Actions
• Your goal:
Be able to explain how the events of the Cold War affected the world..
Arms Race
• The Cold War drove the superpowers into an arms race.
• US & USSR produced as many weapons as possible. (Including nuclear bombs)
Arms Race: competition to get more weapons than the other country.
Space Race
• Who has the best science and engineering?
• Making better rockets also meant making better bombs.
Space Race: competition to get more advanced rockets.
Space Race
• 1957: USSR launched first man made satellite into space.
• It circled the earth 15 times a day.
• It beeped.
Why was Sputnik significant? Why would the US care?Why was Sputnik significant? Why would the US care?
Cold War Fighting
Did the United States actually go into battle with the Soviet Union?
No
Cold War Fighting
Were there battles as part of the Cold War?
Yes
Cold War Fighting
How was the Cold War fought?
1. Foreign Aid – Marshall Plan2. Propaganda – Convince people which
side is better3. Espionage – Find out what the other side
is doing4. Alliances – NATO & Warsaw Pact5. Brinkmanship – Who will back down
first?6. Surrogate wars – Korea & Vietnam
Berlin Airlift
• Dismemberment of Germany didn’t last.
• US, France and Britain wanted to leave Germany in 1948.
• USSR did not want Germany to become strong again.
Berlin Airlift
• When US, France and Britain left Berlin, Stalin took control of the whole city.
• USSR did not have the “right” to keep more than East Berlin.
• US, France and Britain were committed to protect West Berlin from this capture.
Map of Germany
Map of Berlin
Berlin Airlift
• USSR cut off roads to the outside world, not letting people in or out of Berlin.
• US, France and Britain airlifted supplies to West Berlin for 11 months.
• USSR gave up.
Map of Germany
Map of Berlin
Berlin Airlift
• USSR cut off roads to the outside world, not letting people or supplies in or out of Berlin.
• US, France and Britain airlifted supplies to West Berlin for 11 months.
• USSR gave up.
Map of Germany
Third World Countries
• Superpowers* recruited countries to choose sides in the Cold War.
• Third World includes countries who are• economically poor• still developing• politically unstable• need assistance
*Superpowers: US & USSR
Third World Countries
• Who will they turn to for help? US or USSR?
Third World Countries
• Examples of Third World Countries:• Guatemala• Bolivia• Chile• Cuba• Congo• Greece• Korea• Vietnam
Why were these countries significant? Why would the superpowers want to help them?Why were these countries significant? Why would the superpowers want to help them?
What’s this?
Domino Theory
How does Domino Theory relate to Third World Countries?
How does Containment relate to Third World Countries?
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Fidel Castro took over Cuba, and wanted to make it communist.
• Americans lost their investments there.• Castro asked the Soviet Union for help.• President Kennedy attempted to liberate
Cuba from Castro, in the Bay of Pigs invasion.
• It was a failure.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
Fidel Castro
Communist dictator of Cuba, during Cuban missile crisis 1962.
•He nationalized the economy.•He got help from Nikita Khrushchev.
•Khrushchev set up Nuclear missile sites in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Nikita Khrushchev began building 42 missile sites in Cuba.
• Cuba is as close to Florida as Sacramento is to San Francisco!
• President Kennedy demanded they be removed. This was brinkmanship.
• Kennedy announced a naval blockade, which could have been considered an act of war.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Nicaragua
• The United States supported a dictator, Anastasio Somoza.
• His administration, while being one of the most corrupt in history and brutal to dissidents, was nevertheless supported by the United States because it was viewed as anti-communist.
Nicaragua
Anastasio Somoza Garcia
Dictator of Nicaragua 1937-1956A corrupt tyrant, who was supported by the United States because he was anti-Communist.
Corruption, torture, and murder of dissidents
Iran
• The Shah of Iran was friendly to capitalism, but lost power in his country to nationalists.
• The United States put him back in power.• Many Iranians were still unhappy with the Shah.
• Ayatollah Khomeini, a religious leader, and encouraged Iranians to riot, protesting US interference.
• In 1979, the Shaw’s followers took 60 Americans hostage from the US Embassy in Tehran. They were held 444 days.
Iran
IranIran
Ayatollah Khomeini
Religious (Muslim) leader of Iran.Opposed US involvement in the Middle East
Iran hostage crisis 1979
Afghanistan
• After World War II, Afghanistan was independent, but had a communist friendly government.
• A Muslim revolt tried to change the government, so the Soviet Union invaded. They did not want a non-communist government.
• The Soviet Union supported the Afghan communists in the battle.
• The United States supported the Muslim rebels in the battle.
• 1979-1989: the Soviet Union eventually gave up.
Afghanistan
AfghanistanAfghanistan
Afghanistan
• Third World country• Newly independent French Colony in 1954
• Vietnamese have to decide what kind of government to have.– US wants them to have anything but communism.– USSR and China want it to be communist.
Vietnam War
Why would the US get involved in this war?
AfghanistanVietnam War
Afghanistan
• Third World country• Newly independent French Colony in 1954
• Vietnamese have to decide what kind of government to have.– US wants them to have anything but communism.– USSR and China want it to be communist.
Vietnam War
Why would the US get involved in this war?
Afghanistan
• US gives South Vietnam military advisors• Then more advisors• Then some troops• Then more troops• US Officially entered the war in 1964.
• US lost the war to the communists in 1973.
Vietnam War
Why would the US get involved in this war?
Afghanistan
• Korean had a long history of being controlled by China or Japan
• WWII – Japan controlled Korea• After WWII – Korea was split into 2 countries.• Divided at the 38th Parallel• North Korea – Communist• South Korea – democratic republic
Korean War
Afghanistan
• 1950 – North Korea invades South Korea
• US and United Nations helps South Korea• USSR and China supported North Korea
• Battles went North and South• Ended the war in 1953
• Border was set at the 38th parallel – WHERE IT BEGAN!
Korean War
