C0MPUTER ARCHITECTURE

PRESENTATION TOPICS

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE HISTORYCOMPONENTS OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTUREVON NEUMANN ARCHITECTUREHARWARD ARCHITECTURECPUMEMORY

HISTORY

• One of the first computing devices to come out was...

The ABACUS!

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS FIRST GENERATION (1945-1955)

• Used Vacuum tubes• Bigger, slower, less efficient• Used punch cards• Not commercially used• Eg UNIVAC 1, IBM

SECOND GENERATION(1955-1965)

• Used Transistors• Faster and Smaller than previous generation• Worked with higher level languages• Eg IBM 1620

THIRD GENERATION(1965-1971)• Used Integrated circuits• Flexible and Smaller• Well suited for commercial applications• Known as mini computers• Eg IBM 360, PDP 8, PDP 11

FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980)

• Used very large scale Integrated circuits• (VLSI) Interactive general purpose machines• Allow rapid application development• Easier to use for personal application• Can be easily used in network • Eg IBM PC, Apple II, Super Computers

FIFTH GENERATION• Portable and sophisticated• Superior in processing speed user• Friendliness and Connectivity to network• Supports artificial intelligence techiniques• Eg IBM notebook, Pentium PCs, PARAM

10000

Progression of the Architecture

• Vacuum tubes -- 1940 – 1950

• Transistors -- 1950 – 1964

• Integrated circuits -- 1964 – 1971

• Microprocessor chips -- 1971 – present

Components

ISA

MICROARCHITECTURE

Hardwarecomponents

Instruction Set Architecture

• Analogous to human language• Allow communication between H/W and S/W• Collection of commands Opcode or Operation Code: MOV, ADD,

SUB,LOAD RISC MISC

CISC ZISC

Microarchitecture

• Interconnection Technique• Defines data paths, data processing, and

storage elements• Define interconnection between Control Unit Registers ALU Instruction Memory Data Memory

Von Neumann

CPU

Instruction&

Memory

I/O

Harward

DataMemory

CPU

InstructionMemory

I/OALU

Hardware Components

• Are Optional

• System design, Performance and Cost flexibility

• RAM, ROM Input and Output ports and peripherals

CPU• Central Processing Unit• Contain IC• Components Arithmetic Logic Unit processor Register Control Unit

Current CPU Architecture

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)manipulation and controlMain Memory(Mm) Storage for instruction and data for currently executing programsInput / Output Subsystem(I/O) Controller which communicate with “external” deviceo Secondary memoryo Display deviceso Networks

CPU Mm I/O

Basic CPU overview

Single Bus

MEMORY

MEMORY

PrimaryMemory

SecondaryMemory

RAMROM

Hard DriveFloppy DiskOptical Disk

RAM• Random Access Memory• Volatile• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)– Most common, cheap– Volatile: must be refreshed (recharged with power)

1000’s of times each second• SRAM (Static RAM)– Faster than DRAM and more expensive than DRAM– Volatile– Frequently small amount used in cache memory for

high-speed access used

ROM• Read Only Memory• Non-volatile memory to hold software that is not

expected to change over the life of the system• Magnetic core memory• EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM– Slower and less flexible than Flash ROM

• Flash ROM – Faster than disks but more expensive– Uses• BIOS: initial boot instructions and diagnostics• Digital cameras

PRESENTED BY

Amit Kumar

THANKS