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STREET NETWORK ISSUES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT Maria BOSTENARU DAN

COST meeting Riga

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Presentation at the Transport conference in Riga 2011, together with COST TU0801 meeting

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Page 1: COST meeting Riga

STREET NETWORK

ISSUES FOR DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

Maria BOSTENARU DAN

Page 2: COST meeting Riga

Overview

Introduction

Review

Future study of 3D modelling

Conclusions

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Introduction

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Introduction

The street expresses the „life way“ – urban

character (Sandu)

Necessity of connecting building to a street

recognised in computer games – not in 3D

models

Review of the street as factor in vulnerability

assessment and emergency management to

see what features to incorporate in 3D

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Review

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Review

The assessment of vulnerability

SFB approach

Our contribution

The emergency response

Cristina Gociman approach

Italian Civil Protection approach

The street in archive photography of disasters

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The assessment of vulnerability

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The assessment of vulnerability

1933 Charter of Athens

Circulation network self-standing zone

1934 Master Plan of Bucharest

Circulation control expressed in street fronts: receses

> vulnerability

No „Zeilenbau“ of Le Corbusier

A central area of Bucharest was analysed

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SFB approach

2000-2001 survey in a central area of

Bucharest, including street survey (width,

parked cars)

Results were included in an ArcView&MS Access

GIS system

Results were used for the HLA decision system of

Fiedrich (2004)

Later of a Disaster Management System (Markus,

2004) – considers also the change in shape of

building following an earthquake

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SFB approach

Advantages: computer aided decision making,

independent of subjectivity

Disadvantages:

Depends on electric supply, not so easy in post-

disaster phase

The database has to be constantly kept up to

date

We propose an own decision system

Utility value weighting

Pairwise comparison (which might be multimedia

and 3D supported)

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The street network in the northern-central area of Bucharest, as included

in the GIS model in frame of the SFB 461

SFB approach

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Our contribution

Connection between seismic microzoning and

urban zonification

1934 Master Plan > vulnerability results

Earthquake Master Plan of Istanbul 2003 (zoning

defining risk sectors)

Elements of the street as defined by the

master plan: floor, fronts, parcours, section

May result into irregular shape of parcels

Commercial function > vulnerability through

soft storey

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Our contribution

Disadvantages

No computer support

Lack of communication between aesthetics and

structural material (also today simulations are run

based on scores after previous performance and

not considering structural mechanics – as in

recent studies, eg. Pinho)

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Floor of a street

Our contribution

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Background of a street

Our contribution

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Fronts of a street

Our contribution

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Profiles of a street

Our contribution

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The emergency response

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The emergency response

Urban planning

Earthquake Master Plans

Cristina Gociman approach

Functionality of the street network (Italian

DPC)

Struttura urbana minima

Struttura urbana strategica

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Cristina Gociman approach

Planning of security zones

For immediately after the earthquake (a building

such as school or even church)

For planning of emergency housing (parking areas,

green areas) <> street network

Both include evacuation ways

„strategical band“ (of green) for falling rubble

Disadvantage: No computer support (see DPC)

Advantages:

Suitable for restructuring through Master Plan intervention

Breaking ways in urban planning

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Evacuation plan in case of an earthquake. Study work by the group Teodor Cucu, Alexandru Dobra, Ana Georgescu, Dragos Parcalabu, Master “Urban design”, advisors: Cristina Gociman, Tiberiu Florescu, Maria Bostenaru

Cristina Gociman approach

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Italian Civil Protection approach

Short term intervention

Heavy machinery reaches Search&Rescue (see

also Fiedrich)

Fire services to buildings

Ambulances to hospitals

Importance of road network topology

Long term intervention

Importance of road network serviceability

Propping measures may block

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Street blocked by rubble. Photo: maris/photocase.com

Obstacle in short term intervention

Italian Civil Protection approach

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Street blocked by propping in the city of l‟Aquila, Italy, 1 year after the

2009 earthquake and the displaced people visiting their former city. Photo:

M. Bostenaru, 2010.

Obstacle in long term intervention

Italian Civil Protection approach

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Italian Civil Protection approach

Considers mobility relationships between

building and street, not just static relationship

as in the previous approaches

Goretti and Sarli (2006) implemented the

method in Potenza, Southern Italy

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The street in archive photography

of disasters

Grant at Canadian Centre for Architecture, 2010

Earthquake, flood, fire, revolution

Earthquake photos such as those of Genthe (1906

San Francisco earthquake) present the reaction of

people on the street > participatism http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quake.jpg?uselang=de

Virtual travel and artistic features in 19th century

Documentary photography

Virtual conservation of „ruins of the moment“ (Baum)

N-S boulevard of Bucharest of interwar time: the

collapsed buildings (N. Ionescu photographer)

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The street in archive

photography of disasters

L„Aquila 3D model in Google Earth

http://www.comefacciamo.com/aq3d/aq3d.php

Interaction between Google Maps and Google

Earth is minimal

Satelite oblique photographs used for building

modelling

Necessity to include road serviceability in disaster

mapping (such as, for example, after the

Christchurch earthquake, NZ

http://tomnod.com/geocan/index.php)

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The street in archive photography of disasters

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The street in archive

photography of disasters

Also the 19th century photography of Soule

(stereo; Portland/Maine fire) is suitable for

such reconstruction

Photo modeller software requires more photos

from different angles

Ontology of photography to organise this

information (Bostenaru, 2011)

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Future study of 3D modelling

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Future study of 3D modelling

Only l„Aquila Come facciamo uses 3D modelling

The study of the street involves not only the

horizontal dimension from urbanism plans, but

also section and front

Vulnerability: towers, recesses

Emergency management: change of shape, rubble,

propping

Each study allows for computer aid, if it hasn„t yet

3D GIS (except of photo modelling)

Programming application by Armas et al (2010)

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Future study of 3D modelling

Computer games

1997-98 „Toy Town“ exhibition at CCA (for architects)

City building games are a subgenre of construction

and management games (ex. SimCity)

1989 SimCity 2 included disaster scenarious such as

1906 San Francisco earthquake

Evolved to 3D, but complex disaster simulation is lost

Semantic enrichment of computer games with

economics part

Training in pre-disaster phase

The „hard copy“ model of constructing a

cathedral following Ken Follett„s novels

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Conclusions

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Conclusions

Dealing with planning of streets to reduce vulnerability and

efficiently intervene in case of a disaster

The approaches reviewed have a link to the research of the

author (direct or indirect involvment)

The vulnerability of the street has to be considered in

interaction with that of the building

Involvment of urban planning in disaster management

Issues of volume shape (and its change) call for 3D

Such approaches not yet known

Google Earth does not interact with Google Maps

Computer games might be the first step on the way to

simulations

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Acknowledgements

COST action TU0801

SFB 461 research student assistantship

the support grant of the Canadian Centre for

Architecture

Marie Curie Fellowship CA‟REDIVIVUS

Marie Curie Fellowship PIANO

the course on “Risks” taught at the “Ion Mincu”

University of Architecture and Urbanism

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Thank you!