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Dr. Muhammad bin zulfiqarPGR-1 SIMS/ SHL.
Basics of Digital Language
5
ByteThe basic unit of binary coded information
Kilobyte—210 – 1024 bites
Megabyte—1024 times1024bites
Performance parametersPixel: Smallest complete sample of an image. Has
a varied set of tones in shades of white/ black/grey. Expressed in binary codes (bits).
Size of the pixel : Smaller the size , better resolution.
CR- 50 to 200 microns, DR- 100 to 200 microns, DM- 50 to 100 microns.
Gray Scale: Shades of Gray in between pure black and pure white.
Bit Depth: No of shades to define each pixel ,measured as no of bits. Larger the depth, incr gray scale and large file size.
Spatial Resolution: finer details, diff objects in an image. Depends on sampling frequency and no of pixels.
expressed in lp/mm.Contrast Resolution: Color or gray scale
differentiation. Indicate the no of shades of grey that a detector can capture.
File Size.
Performance Parameters(contd..)
DIGITAL PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHY
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY (CR) DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR)
11011101
CRX-RAYS
CR PLATE
SCANNER
DETECTORS
11011101
DRX-RAYS
Computed Radiography (CR)Been around since 1980-81Uses same radiographic equipment
No change in X-ray machineUses an imaging plate
Contains a photostimulator phosphorNeed a cassette readerImages can be sent to a PACS
Computed Radiography (CR)
Re-usable metal imaging plates replace film & cassette
Uses conventional bucky & x-ray equipment
CR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
CASSETTES (phosphor plates)ID STATIONIMAGE PREVIEW STATIONDIGITIZERVIEWING STATION
CR PLATE
CASETTE CONSTRUCTIONLIGHTWEIGHT ALUMINUMPLASTICSTEEL FRAME
FRONT PANEL MADE OF LOW ATTENUATION CARBON FIBER
PROTECTIVE LAYER
PHOSPHOR LAYER
ANTI-HALO & REFLECTIVE LAYER
BASE
BACKING LAYER
PHOSPHOR LAYER BASEBa FX: Eu +2 PET- POLYETHYLENE
TERAPHTALATE
PROTECTIVE LAYERFLUORINATED POLYMER MATERIAL
PROTECTS PHOSPHOR LAYER
ANTI-HALO LAYER + REFLECTIVE LAYERPREVENTS LASER FROM PASSING THROUGH.REFLECTED LIGHT FROM PHOSPHOR IS
ALLOWED TO PASS.
BACKING LAYERPROTECTS THE BASE FROM DAMAGE.
SCATTER
REMOTE OPERATOR PANEL
CR Operation
Add module code number and lesson title 29
Add module code number and lesson title 30
The principle of PSP
Excitation Storage Emission
CB
Trap
ADCPMT
Higher EnergyElectronState
Lower EnergyElectronState
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X-RayPhoton
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Photon pumpselectron tohigher energy state
Add module code number and lesson title 36
(Images courtesy of AFGA)
PSP digitizer Casette and PSP
Workstation
Reading Imaging Plate
Reader scans plate with laser
Laser releaseselectrons trapped inhigh energystates
Electrons fall to lowenergy states
Electrons give upenergy as visible light
Laser Beam
Higher EnergyElectronState
Lower EnergyElectronState
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Lower Energy Electron State
Reader scans plate with laser light using rotating mirror
Film pulled through scanner by rollers
Light given off by plate measured byPM tube &recorded by computer
Reading Imaging Plate
Conventional CR Scanning
25% OF STORED ENERGY
WITHIN 8 HOURS
CR PLATE
CR SCANNER/READER
CR AFTER EXPOSURE IS INSERTED INTO CR SCANNER
CR Exposure & Readout
PM TUBE
AMPLIFIER ADC
LASER
LIGHTGATE
PLATE & F-CENTERS
LASER 633 nm
PHOTOSTIMULABLE LUMINESCENCE
390-400 nm
After read-out, plate erased using a bright light
Plate can be erased virtually without limit
Plate life defined not by erasure cycles but by physical wear
IMAGE DISPLAY
Typical image plate can be reused thousands of
times
CR ResolutionSmall cassettes have better spatial
resolutionSmaller pixelsMore pixels / mm
IMAGE CHECK-INDEX
IMAGE MANIPULATION-WINDOWING
PICTURE DESTINATION -PACS
CR CHARACTERISTIC CURVEVERY WIDE LATITUDE
CR SYSTEMSLESS RADIOGRAPH REPEATS
Much greater latitude than screen/film
Plate responds to many decades of input exposureunder / overexposures
unlikely
Computer scale inputs exposure to viewable densitiesUnlike film, receptor separate
from viewer
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
LATITTUDE OF CR
LATITTUDE OF FILM
IMAGE CAN BE SALVAGED WITH CR
500% OVEREXPOSURE
80% UNDEREXPOSURE
USE ADEQUATE KVP
HARD COPY GENERATED IN LASER PRINTER
CR SYSTEM EFFICIENCY CHARACTERISTIC
QDE- QUANTUM DETECTION EFFICIENCY
NO NEED FOR SCREENS
QDE:THE MEASURE OF THE EFFICIENCY OF CR
SYSTEM TO CONVERT REMNANT X-RAYS TO USEFUL IMAGE SIGNAL
QDE PATIENT DOSE
Receptor provides direct digital outputNo processor / reader required
Images available in < 15 secondsMuch less work for technologist
69
72
PACS and DICOM THE ROLE OF PACS : A Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) aims to
replace conventional analogue film and paper clinical request forms and reports with a completely computerized electronic network whereby digital images are viewed on monitors in conjunction with the clinical details of the patient and the associated radiological report displayed in electronic format.
The ROLE OF DICOM: Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is a
standard for handling, storing, printing, and transmitting information in medical imaging. It includes a file format definition and a network communications protocol.
DICOM enables the integration of scanners, servers, workstations, printers, and network hardware from multiple manufacturers into a picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The different devices come with DICOM conformance statements which clearly state the DICOM classes they support. DICOM has been widely adopted by hospitals .
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