Dimensions of agricultural extension

1WELCOME

“FARM LIFE IS FORTUNE LIFE”

By –M.B.Tengli

2

NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

PERSENTER Mahesh.B.Tengli, jr.M.Sc (Agri) Extn.Edu. NMCA,NAU,NAVSARI,GUJARAT [email protected]:26/08/2014

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

3M.B.Tengli M.Sc(Agri)Extn,NMCA,NAU


•INTRODUCTION•DEFINITIONS•IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF EXTENSION EDUCATION•OBJECTIVES OF EXTENSION EDUCATION•PRINCIPLES OF EXTENSION EDUCATION•PHILOSOPHY OF EXTENSION EDUCATION•EXTENSION EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

OUTLINE



• INTRODUCTION• The word ‘extension’ is derived from the Latin roots,

‘ex’ – meaning ‘out’ and ‘tensio’ meaning ‘stretching’. • Stretching out is the meaning of extension.• The word ‘extension’ came to be used originally in USA

during 1914 which means “a branch of a university for students who cannot attend the university proper. In other words, the word “extension” signifies an out-of- school system of education.



• Extension service refers to a program for agricultural development and rural welfare which (usually) employees the extension process as a means of program implementation.

• Extension process is that of working with rural people through out of school education along those lines of their current interest and need which are closely related to gaining a livelihood improving the physical level of living of rural families and fostering rural community welfare.



• DEFINITIONS• Extension is a programme and a process of helping village

people to help themselves, increase their production and to raise their general standard of living. -D. Ensminger 1967

• Extension is a two way channel; it brings scientific information to the village people, and also takes the problems of the village people to the scientific institution for solution. It is a continuous educational process, in which both learner and teacher contribute and receive. -B. Rambhai



• Extension Education is a science which deals with the creation, transmission and application of knowledge designed to bring about planned changes in the behavior-complex of people, with a view to help them live better by learning the ways of improving their vocations, enterprises and institutions. -Reddy A Adivi 1993

• Extension Education is an applied science consisting of content derived from research, accumulated field experiences and relevant principles drawn from the behavioural sciences synthesized with useful technology into a body of philosophy, principles, content and methods focused on the problems of out-of-school education for adults and youth. Leagans (1961)



• Agricultural extension is defined as a special branch of Extension Education which deals with the economic and social aspects of people engaged in or associated with agriculture. -National Commission on Agriculture, 1976



Importance and Scope of Extension EducationImportance of Extension Education:

1. Extension uses democratic methods in educating the farmers.2. Extension helps in adoption of innovations.3. Extension helps in studying and solving the rural problems.4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living of farmers.5. Extension makes good communities better and progressive.6. Extension contributes to national development programmers.



Scope of Extension Education:It includes all activities of rural development. So extension programmers should be dynamic and flexible. The areas indicating scope of Extension are listed below:1. Increasing efficiency in agricultural production.2. Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization of agricultural inputs and outputs.3. Conservation, development and use of natural resources.4. Proper farm and home management.5. Better family living.6. Youth development7. Leadership development.8. Community and rural development.9. Improving public affairs for all round development.



Objectives of Extension EducationObjectives:

1. To raise the standard of living of the rural people by helping them in right use of their resources.

2. To help in planning and implementing the family and village plans for increasing production in various occupations.

3. To provide facilities for better family living.



Specific Objectives:1. To provide knowledge and help for better management of farms and increase income.2. To encourage the farmers to grow his own food, eat well and live well.3. To promote better social, natural, recreational, intellectual and spiritual life among the people.4. To help rural families in better appreciation of SWOT in their village.5. To open new opportunities for developing talents and leadership of rural people.6. To build rural citizens who are:i) Proud of their occupation.ii) Independent in thinking.iii) Constructive in outlook.iv) Capable, efficient and self-reliant in character.



Principles of Extension EducationPrinciples:

A principle is a statement of policy to guide decision and action in a consistent manner (Mathews).A principle is a universal truth that has been observed and found to be truth and a settled rule of action.



1. Principle of cultural difference:

1. People differ in thinking, living and culture.2. Extension education methods should be in line with these differences.3. It is difficult to recognize non-material culture than material culture.4. The blue print of extension programme for one area may not suit to other areas.5. Changes will have to be made in the programmes according to changing situations



3. Principle of grass-root organization:1. Extension workers should pay attention to all the groups’ needs and interests.2. Imposed innovations have no relevance to groups.3. People will accept the innovations only when they find those useful.

4. Principle of coperation:1. People and extension workers should work together.2. Co-operation and help of each other needed for social upliftment.



5. Principle of interests and needs:.1. Work should start from interests and needs of people.2. Fulfillment of needs create interests.3. First concentrate on felt needs and then develop felt needs.

6. Principle of participation:1 . People should voluntarily participate2. Attachment will not develop by offering ready made things.3. Participation develops leadership and increases confidence.4. Involving leaders increases people’s participation.



7. Principle of adaptability in the use of teaching methods:1. People differ in knowledge and understanding.2. Method should vary accordingly.3. Use of more than one method is beneficial.4. If needed new methods must be devised to meet new situations.

8. Principle of leadership:1. Extension workers should utilize local leadership for increasing speed of work.2. Identification, training and encouragement of leaders is necessary.



9. Principle trained specialists:

1. Agricultural and other sciences are developing speedily.2. Maintaining competency in any of these sciences is a continuous process.3. Without specialist’s support the extension cannot strive.4. SMS is responsible to solve the extension workers problems.5. Subjects Matter Specialist (SMS) is a link between research and application of research.6. SMS should have broad outlook and be well versed.



10. Principle of satisfaction:1. The extension programme should give satisfaction to the people.2. People will not participate if they do not get satisfaction.

11. Principle of whole family approach:1. Extension work should reach all the family members.2. Neglecting any member may result in rejection of innovations e.g. Hybrid maize in U.P.



12. Principle of evaluation:1. Determining the research results in unbiased way is necessary.2. Intermittent review of progress is necessary.3. Corrective measures are needed if the direction is found wrong4. Behavioural changes should be measured.5. Evaluation helps in improving the quality of work.

13. Principle of applied Science and Democracy:1. People have freedom to accept or reject the technology.2. Applied agricultural Science is a two way process.



14. Principle of Learning by doing:

1. Learning by doing is the one of the important principle of extension.

2. Learning by doing impart knowledge and skills.3. Once done is equal to hundred time learning.



Philosophy of Extension EducationPhilosophy:Philosophy is a body of general principles or laws of a field of knowledge; it provides guidelines for performing the activities in life in a particular way. Different individuals have different philosophies of life, e.g. the traditional minded farmer and progressive farmer may react differently to the concept of artificial insemination of cows.Philosophy of extension education includes the principles or guidelines with which to shape or mould the developmental programmes relating to that field. It provides to extension worker the basis for working out the programmes and the policies to be adopted in extension work. The philosophy of extension is explained in the following statements:



1. Extension has a philosophy of culture:a. It respects culture of people.b. It brings about cultural change through cultural development.

2. Extension has philosophy of social progress:a. Its works is based on needs and desires of the peopleb. It facilitates change and help people to adjust with them.

3. Extension has philosophy of education for all:a. Disseminates useful knowledge to all people.b. Regardless of personal, social and economic characteristics.



4. Extension has philosophy concerning teaching:a. It teaches by doing:i) Hearing – doubtfulii) Seeing – possibly doubtfuliii) Do – believeb. It reaches people to practice themselves.c. Teaching is inadequate till the knowledge is put into practice.

5. Extension has philosophy of leadership:a. Teaches, educates, and stimulates people through local leaders.b. Utilizes assistance of voluntary leaders.c. Locates, trains and uses functional leaders.d. Extension trusts in what it can get others to do.



6. Extension has philosophy of local responsibility:a. Encourages people to contribute increasingly in their own affairs.b. Prepares suitable leaders to determine programmes and plans.

7. Extension has philosophy about truth:a. Sells only proven facts.b. Realize that going beyond truth will loose people’s faith in extension.c. Continuously seeks new truth as today’s whole truth may be tomorrow’s partial truth.



8. Extension has philosophy of democracy:a. Functions only with voluntary co-operation of the people.b. Co-operation with the individuals, groups and institutions interested in common welfare.c. Selects and solves the problems based on the felt needs through group action.d. Democratic in organization.9. Extension has philosophy of a dignity of individual and his profession:a. Believes that each individual is endowed certain inalienable rights.b. Dignifies the farm, home and family.c. Holds that changed man is more important than the changed practice.



Extension Educational Process

•An effective extension educational programme involves five essential and interrelated steps. •This concept of the extension educational process is intended only to clarify the steps necessary in carrying out a planned educational effort. • It does not imply that these steps are definitely separate from each other. • Experience shows that planning, teaching and evaluation take place continuously, in varying degrees, throughout all phases of extension activities.



Situation and Problems

Objectives and Solution

Teaching Plan of Work

Evaluation

Reconsideration

CONCEPT OF EXTENSION EDUCATIONAL PROCESS



First step: Situation and problems The first step consists of collection of facts and analysis of the situation. Facts about the people and their enterprises; the economic, social, cultural, physical and technological environment in which they live and work. These may be obtained by appropriate survey and establishing rapport with the people. The responses obtained are to be analyzed with the local people to identify the problems and resources available in the community. For example, after a survey in a community and analysis of the data, the problem was identified as low income of the farm family from their crop production enterprise.



Second step : Objectives and Solutions

The next step is deciding on realistic objectives which may be accomplished by the community. A limited number of objectives should be selected by involving the local people. The objectives should be specific and clearly stated, and on completion should bring satisfaction to the community. Objectives should state the behavioural changes in people as well as economic and social outcomes desired.



Third step: Teaching Plan of Work

The third step is teaching, which involves choosing what should be taught (the content) and how the people should be taught the methods and aids to be used. It requires selecting research findings of economic and practical importance relevant to the community, and selection and combination of appropriate teaching methods and aids. Based on the problems identified in the particular example, technologies like use of HYV seeds, application of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals were selected as teaching content. Result demonstration, method demonstration, farmers' training and farm publications were chosen as teaching methods, and tape recorder and slides were selected as teaching aids.



Fourth step: Evaluation

The fourth step is evaluating the teaching i.e, determining the extent to which the objectives have been reached. To evaluate the results of an educational programme objectively, it is desirable to conduct a re-survey. The evidence of changed behavior should be collected, which shall not only provide a measure of success, but shall also indicate the deficiencies, if any.



Fifth step: Reconsideration

The fifth step is re-consideration of the entire extension educational programme on the light of the results of evaluation. The problems identified in the process of evaluation may become the starting point for the next phase of the extension educational programme, unless new problems have developed or new situations have arisen.



10. Extension personnel have philosophical characteristics:a. Extension personnel have the right attitude, integrity and high sense of service.b. Extension personnel have deep faith that man does not alive with bread alone.



AGRICULTURE IS MOTHER OF ALL CULTURE

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