• Pgs 109-114

• Mycenae• Troy • Olympia• Carthage• Byzantium• Rome• Aegean, Adriatic, Med Seas• Alp Pyrenees Mts• Athens• Sparta• Syracuse• Thebes• Alexandria• Jerusalem• Ionia• Attica• Peloponnese• Sicily• Po Danube Tiber, Po, Rhone rivers

• The Persian Empire spread civilization from Asia Minor to the Mediterranean.

• The Greeks and Etruscans served as mercenaries in the Persians and Egyptian armies.

• Barbarians who would create an artistic and intellectual renaissance.

• Combining strength and a new vision with the technology of the east.

• In the twelfth century BCE, the Indo European Greek-speaking invaded Mycenae.

• The Phoenicians set up colonies.• The Etruscans set up a Kingdom in Italy and civilized the

Latin and Roman tribes.

• These iron age cultures destroyed the old bronze age cultures of Mycenae and Minoa.

The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region

The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region

Geometric PotteryGeometric Pottery

Geometric

• Repeating patterns of balanced lines.

Geometric bronze

Early Greek Art & Artifacts

Early Greek Art & Artifacts

Cycladic figures in Marble

By 2800 BCE, a Bronze Age civilization flourished on the large island of Crete.

Sir Arthur EvansSir Arthur Evans

Arthur Evans discovered it and named it Minoan, after, the legendary king Minus of Crete.

Artist’s idea of Knossos

Artist’s idea of Knossos

• Theseus & The Minotaur

Palace of King Minos – North Entrance

Palace of King Minos – North Entrance

Palace of King Minos - Interiors

Palace of King Minos - Interiors

Palace of King Minos – Throne Room

Palace of King Minos – Throne Room

Aerial View of Knossos

Aerial View of Knossos

Knossos had a large sea trade empire.

• Minoan ships traded mostly with Egypt and southern Greece.

Minoan

Trade

Minoan

Trade

“Bireme” ship

Coast of Crete

Minoan LadiesMinoan Ladies

Minoan Culture - Religion

Minoan Culture - Religion

Minoan PriestMinoan Snake

Goddess

Bull CultBull Cult

Bull Jumping SportsBull Jumping Sports

Minoan Artistic “Motifs”

Minoan Artistic “Motifs”

Early Writing :“Linear A” (no one

can read)

Early Writing :“Linear A” (no one

can read)

Canon?

• Around 1450 BCE, the centers of Minoan civilization on Crete quickly disappeared.

Some historians say a tidal wave caused by a volcano devastated Crete, giving us the legend of Atlantis . volcano etna in italy.flv

Most historians argue that the Mycenaeans invaded and destroyed Crete.

The Mycenaean World

The Mycenaean World

Sir Heinrich SchliemannSir Heinrich Schliemann

Heinrich Schliemann discovered Mycenaean.

Mycenaean Writing System: “Linear B”Mycenaean Writing System: “Linear B”

View of MycenaeView of Mycenaearchaeological“t

ell”

Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction

Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction

Approach to the Lion’s Gate

Approach to the Lion’s Gate

Lion’s Gate Entrance to Mycenae

Lion’s Gate Entrance to Mycenae

• Mycenae had a loose alliance of independent kings.

Petty monarchies made up Mycenaean civilization. Each lived in a fortified palace center on hills and surrounded by tall stone walls.

• The Mycenaeans admired heroic deeds in battle most. The best person or king was the best fighter.

• Homer recorded their most famous military adventures.

Homer’s Great EpicsHomer’s Great Epics

The Trojan War 1280-1250 BCEThe Trojan War 1280-1250 BCE

According to Homer, the Mycenans led by King Agamemnon sacked the city of Troy. Sack of Troy set to Dido's Lament_(360p).flv

• Scholars had dismissed Homer’s story as fantasy until Schliemann’s discovery of Troy in 1870. Today, many believe that Homer’s books have a basis in fact.

Plan of the City of Troy

Plan of the City of Troy

The Seven “Layers” of Ancient Troy

The Seven “Layers” of Ancient Troy

The Seven “Layers” of Ancient Troy

The Seven “Layers” of Ancient Troy

Homer’s Troy(VII)

Original Wall of the City of Troy

Original Wall of the City of Troy

Wall of Troy Recreated

Wall of Troy Recreated

Dome of King Priam’s Treasury

Dome of King Priam’s Treasury

King Priam’s Treasure

King Priam’s Treasure

Sofie SchliemannWith King Priam’s

Jewelry

Sofie SchliemannWith King Priam’s

Jewelry

Mask of Agammemnon

Mask of Agammemnon

Decline of Mycenae

• By 1200 BCE, Mycenaean had serious troubles. • As they fought one another, earthquakes and

Greek-speaking invaders with iron weapons moved in from the north.

• In the twelfth century BCE, the Indo European Greek-speaking invaded Mycenae.

• The Phoenicians set up colonies.• The Etruscans set up a Kingdom in Italy, they ruled and

civilized the Latin and Roman tribes.

• These iron age cultures destroyed or dominated the old bronze age cultures of Mycenae and Minoa.

Migrations in the Aegean Region

Migrations in the Aegean Region

(DORIANS}

Home Work Book

• Page 113 • 1-5 and 7 full sentences• Bonus 8 or 9

Greek Civilization127-128 Sports 130

s

• Mycenae• Troy • Olympia• Carthage• Byzantium• Rome• Aegean, Adriatic, Med Seas• Alp Pyrenees Mts• Athens• Sparta• Syracuse• Thebes• Alexandria• Jerusalem• Ionia• Attica• Peloponnese• Sicily• Po Danube Tiber, Po, Rhone rivers

• The Western tradition really starts with the Greeks.

• Western politics, art, thinking, even singing are all connected to the Greeks.

• The Greeks did not abandon themselves to luck, fate or Gods.

• Instead they asked questions and came up with answers rationally .

• Plato wrote “philosophy is the child of wonder, and it is the gift of the Greeks”.

• Their curiosity paid off in insecurity and instability, but also in greatness.

World of Hellas

• Hellenes, part of the world of Hellas.

• Not a nation or people, but a cultural community.

• Homer thought that culture to Hellin and fighting together in the Trojan War.

• As we will see unified Greek culture has more to do with the Persian Wars, than the Trojan War.

Greek (Hellas) practicality

• No matter where they lived, Greeks stole anything useful and improve it.

• They did not invent pottery, but the improved it.

• Artists signed their pieces.

Hellas practicality

• They improve Egyptian architecture.

Hellas practicality

• They made sculpture idealistic and more realistic, and invent the nude.

Hellas practicality• They add vowels to the Phoenician

Alphabet, making the easiest alphabet.

• Reading was for everyone, unlike in Egypt or Mesopotamia where only a few could read.

• Even merchants, common soldiers, farmers could read and write in Greek city states.

• An easy alphabet causes growth of literacy.

• Knowledge no longer died with a teacher.

• Knowledge was recorded, learned by the next generation.

• It could be added to and built on.

Homer, the Blind Poet

Homer, the Blind Poet

Some historians argue he is one person, others he did not exist, others that the poems were a collection of many different writers.

HomerHomer

Most likely, The Iliad describes life in the dark ages.

It describes a society of warriors and petty chiefs greedy for honors and riches.

Ruthless, but with a code of behavior heroism, nobility, eventually chivalry.

• These masterpieces gave the Greeks an ideal past of heroes.

• Greeks used them as basic educational texts for generations of Greek males.

• Homer taught the value of “arete” courage and honor.

• They taught students to be proud of their Greek heritage and their heroic ancestors.

Olympic Games

• By 776 BCE, the Greeks ritualize heroism in great competitive games, the most famous at Olympia to honor Zeus.

• A Greek city states had a truce during the Olympic games, which ran 4 days.

• The ancient Olympics included running, long jump, shot put, javelin, boxing, wrestling, the most popular event the Chariot race. Ben Hur - The Chariot race2.flv

• Mythical founders run from Hercules, to Zeus.

• They named the games argon, from which “agony” comes from.

• The honor you competed for was so high that neither agony or even life were too high a price to pay for winning.

• Realistic Athletes wanted to win big prizes.

• Winners pay no taxes, often received a free house, special theater seats, and eat free at restaurants for life!

• Later, the athlete’s image was cleaned up by fans who wanted sacrifice, not money ambition.

• Married women could not go to Zeus’ games, however women had their own games the Heraia in honor of Hera.

• The Ancient Olympics ended in 393 CE, when the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I abolished the Games.

•

• The first modern Olympic Games opened in April 1896 in Athens, mostly due to Pierre de Coubertin.

• By the 5th Century BCE, Olympia had been built up magnificently. The Athenian artist Phidias made the Temple of Zeus into one of the “7 wonders of the Ancient World”.

• Greeks honored Gods with palaces, but only the Gods would be worshiped, not kings or pharaohs.

• Unlike Persia, the Greeks worshiped no man as God, or a God’s agent, only the Gods!

• Now for the first time, “Man(kind) is the measure of all things” as Protagoras said in the 5th Century.

Greek Mythology

• Uranus (the god of the sky) and Gaia (earth goddess) had children the Titans.

• Crones, their youngest ( god of Time) took control and kills Uranus.

• Aphrodite (goddess of love) came from the sea as Uranus fell into it.

Greek Mythology

• Cronus had three sons (Zeus, Poseidon, Hades). He also had three daughters (Hestia, Demeter and Hera).

Titans vs Olympians

• Crones ate his children, but his wife Rhea fed him a stone instead of Zeus.

12 Olympians

• Zeus had and won a war against Cronus and the Titans. He became god of heaven and earth.

12 Olympians

• His brother Poseidon became god of the Sea.

12 Olympians

• Their brother Hades became god of the underworld,

• The afterlife a place of shadows and boredom, which all spirits went to no matter good or bad.

12 Olympians

• Hera became Queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage and family. She frequently tried to get revenge on Zeus' lovers and their children.

12 Olympians

• Demeter goddess of fertility, agriculture, nature, and the seasons. Her Latin name, Ceres, gives us the word ”cereal".

12 Olympians

• Athena• Virgin goddess of wisdom,

handicrafts, defense and strategic warfare. Daughter of Zeus and Oceanid Metis. She rose from her father's head fully grown and in full battle armor after he swallowed her mother.

12 Olympians• Dionysus• God of wine, celebrations

and ecstasy. Patron god of theater. Son of Zeus and the Theban princess Semele, youngest Olympian.

12 Olympians• Apollo• God of light, knowledge,

music, poetry, prophecy and archery. Son of Zeus and Leto. Twin brother of Artemis.

Oracle of Apollo at Delphi

• An Oracle is a temple where the Gods speak to humans..

• A Priestess of Apollo would answer your questions about the future.

Oracle of Apollo at Delphi

• The most famous oracle of the ancient world.

• Predications were difficult to interpret.

• The Oracle told Crosses if he went to war with Cyrus “a great kingdom would be lost.”

12 Olympians

• Artemis• Virgin goddess of the hunt,

virginity, childbirth, archery, the moon, and all animals, twin sister of Apollo.

12 Olympians

• Ares• God of war, violence and

bloodshed. Son of Zeus and Hera, all the other gods (except Aphrodite) despised him.

12 Olympians

• Hephaestus• Master blacksmith

and craftsman of the gods; god of fire and the forge. Son of Hera, either by Zeus or alone. Married to Aphrodite.

12 Olympians

• Hermes• Messenger of the gods; god

of commerce and thieves. Son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The second-youngest Olympian.

• Gods and Goddess were supernatural and superhuman, but had human emotions and biology, a revolution in religion.

• Olympians had emotions such as love, jealousy and anger. Humans’ lives fascinated them.

• Zeus and the other Olympians seduced many people.

• Leda mother of Helen of Troy.

• Zeus’ favorite Ganymede lived him on Mount Olympus, much to Hera’s annoyance.

Heroes and Demi gods

• Hercules, Jason, Peruses, Medusa and many more were all half human half god.

• Gods had to be honored with palaces. • However, when sacrificing animals, the

gods received animal fat and bones, the people got the good meat.

• Only the Gods would be worshiped, not kings or pharaohs or any human!

• Unlike Persia, the Greeks worshiped no man as God, only the Gods!

Next time Greek Polispp115-120

• END

Free mankind idealized

• We live as free citizens said Pericles Not only in our public but also our private life. We are not angry with our neighbors if he behaves as he pleases as long as he does no harm.

• Athens was one of hundreds of Greek city States called a polis, meaning not only city and state but commonwealth.

• A body of equal citizens in an autonomous fatherland.

From 750-550 BCE the Greek polis stretched from the Black Sea to Iberia (Spain today)

• Greek polis were the center of civilian life, unlike the tax collecting or imperial merchant cities of the fertile crescent.

• They included the city and surrounding countryside and perhaps a few towns.

• The scale of polis was small partly because of Geography.

• Checkerboards of mountains, valleys, and plains.

• That produces isolated settlements with easier access to the sea then each other.

• So the sea becomes the Greek highway for trading, raiding, and pirating.

• Polis were also small because Greeks thought they should be small.

• Plato thought ideal 5000 cit 20000 total. Women slaves foragne no rights.

• Citizens of a polis had rights, but these rights were

• coupled with responsibilities

• Only 3 100,000 Athens Corinth Thebes.

• The main gathering place in the polis was usually a hill. At the top of the hill

• was a fortified area called an acropolis. The acropolis served as a place of refuge

• during an attack and sometimes came to be a religious center on which temples

• and public buildings were built

• Below the acropolis was an agora, an open area

• that served as a place where people could assemble and was the main market.

• Some poli very tiny, • Each had its own personality, laws, and

patriotism.

• So they constantly fought and competed with each other.

Impact of Geography

• Like Phoenicia, mountains isolate Greek city states making them independent and diverse.

• The sea was their natural highway and they became great seafarers.

Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE

Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE

After 900 BCE the Greeks found their colonies.

• These cities were not founded as tax gathering or administrative capitals like Mesopotamia and Egypt.

• Instead they were independent overseas settlements for farmers and traders for who there was no room for at home.

• They wanted new farm lands, fishing grounds, bases for piracy and trade.

• Colonization also led to increased trade and industry.

• The Greeks on the mainland exported pottery,

• wine, and olive oil. In return, they received grains and

• metals from the west and fish, timber, wheat, metals,

• and slaves from the Black Sea region.

• The expansion of trade and industry created a new

• group of wealthy individuals in many of the Greek

• city-states. These men wanted political power, but

• found it difficult to gain because of the power of the

• ruling aristocrats

Polis gives us politics

• The Greeks invented politics and most govemrental systems.

• .

Making Comparisons pg 114 HW

Migrations in the Aegean Region

Migrations in the Aegean Region

(DORIANS}

Homer, the Blind Poet

Homer, the Blind Poet

Homer’s Great EpicsHomer’s Great Epics

Homer’s View of the World

Homer’s View of the World

Greek Culture

Declined

Greek Culture

Declined

• After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization, Greece enters a difficult period, the population declines and food production drops.

• Called the Dark Age, because few records of what happened exist.

Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE

Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE

Trade Resumes:6c BCE

Amphoras

Trade Resumes:6c BCE

Amphoras

“Iron Age” Trade Routes

“Iron Age” Trade Routes

Evolution of Our Alphabet:

From Phoenician to Latin

Evolution of Our Alphabet:

From Phoenician to Latin

http://www.cedarland.org/alpha.html

The Dialects of Ancient GreekThe Dialects of Ancient Greek

The Rise of the Greek Polis

The Rise of the Greek Polis

Athens

Naxos Corinth

Syracuse

Larissa

Eboea

Brutal

Combat

Brutal

Combat

Troy Grave CirclesTroy Grave Circles

The “Trojan Horse”?The “Trojan Horse”?