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Introduction to digital epigraphyEmmanuelle Morlock
CNRS, HISoMA (UMR 5189)
French-american program ‘Visible Words’Information day, Ecole Française d’Athènes, may 4th, 2015
Outline
● Digital Scholarly Editions (DSE)
● Digital epigraphy examples
● How does it work?
What is a DSE*?*Digital Scholarly Edition
Why digital editions?
1. to facilitate the pooling and exchange of resources 2. for larger dissemination of resources:
○ as webpages○ multimodal distribution : one single source (xml) => several outputs
(html, pdf, word, epub, xml, etc.)
3. to overcome the material constraints and limits of print editions
4. to enable new kinds of exploitations (statistics, visualizations, semantic web, big data…)
Text?
Patrick Sahle
A critical representation
● Representation:○ re-creation, re-presentation of a text○ model, data structure(s)
● Critical:○ enhancement of the material with scholarly knowledge:
■ facsimile != not a digital scholarly edition
● A schoarly edition is about a research question...○ Research objectives determines what is necessary to annotate
cf. P. Sahle, Criteria for Reviewing Scholarly Digital Editions, version 1.1<http://ride.i-d-e.de/reviewers/catalogue-criteria-for-reviewing-scholarly-digital-editions/>
“model” of brandebourg gate with lego blocks
Digital epigraphy?
Digital Epigraphy: community driven from the beginning
● Since 1999-2000 ○ 1st draft of EpiDoc as guidelines for the application of TEI
● Today:○ a mechanism for the creation of complete digital editions○ a framework maintained by an active community
“The collaborators were seeking a digital encoding method that preserved the time-tested combination of flexibility and rigor in editorial expression to which classical epigraphers were accustomed in print, while bringing to both the creator and the reader of epigraphic editions the power and reusability of XML.”
a TEI file structure
Digital Epigraphy: What is EpiDoc?
● EpiDoc○ a subset of TEI tags○ specific structural constraints:
■ re-expression of the epigraphic lemma in the metadata of the transcription file (teiHeader)
■ transcription part (text) divided in the conventional parts of a traditionnal edition: edition, apparatus, bibliography, commentary, translation
○ guidelines for their use, dedicated to epigraphy○ tools (xslt tranformation files from XML to .html and .txt, ODD schema)
div[@type=”commentary”]
entrée d’apparat critique
leçon préférée
alternative
version régularisée
version diplomatique
autre leçon
fin entrée d’apparat critique
What new interfaceswill you design?
inscriptions as ‘communication devices’...
How does it work?very basic principle of web pages production
the formula
HTML + CSS=
web pagein a navigator
<html>
(...)
<h1>Visible Words</h1><p>Editer & Etudier les inscriptions dans un environnement numérique : méthodes, outils, ressources</p>
(...)</html>
body {
font-family:Times;
}
h1 {
font-size: 200%;
color: green;
font-weight: bold;
}
p {
color: black;
font-size: 100%;
margin-top:10%;
}
Visible WordsEditer & Etudier les inscriptions dans un environnement numérique : méthodes, outils, ressources
h1(title level 1)
How do you do it?
XML file HTML filetransformation (XSLT, Xquery)
Indextransformation (XSLT, Xquery)
manyXMLfiles
TOC
RDF
etc.
edition as the design of
information artifacts
Why XML?the basics
XML in short
1. XML doesn’t do nothing. It only describes. With means of tags (delimiter). In a context of text representation: text structures in particular (book, section, chapter, paragraph, etc.).
2. XML tags are not pre-defined.One can freely create its own tags (according to one’s research interests, for example).
3. But a tag’s grammar can be defined (DTD or Schema)Provides some rigour or means to use a common language between projects.
4. XML is defined to be self descriptive and can easily be readYou can open any xml file with any text editor and read the tags labels (it’s english!)
Descriptive markup - 1
★ chunks of text (of all sizes) delimited by start tag and end tag
★ description of nature of function in tag name
<tagX>My contenttagX>start tag
end tagchunk of text
Descriptive markup - 2
★ Attributes: additional information
<handNote xml:id="EP" medium="red-ink">
Ezra Pound's annotations.
</handNote>
valueattribute
name
Descriptive markup - 3
★ descriptive markup says what things are.○ not what is to be done with the data (procedural information)○ not how they are to be displayed (presentational information). ○ The objective is to describe the fonction and not the final appearance.
★ Separation of form and content
★ Compare:
★ More flexibility:○ same underlying data for multiple presentations○ presentation easy to change through stylesheets, etc.○ facilitates the addition of multiple annotation and re-use
<author>Louise Labé</author><span class=”small-caps”>Louise Labé</span>
More specifically
XML file :<author><forename>Louise</forename> <surname>Labé</surname></author>
CSS file:surname { font-variant: small-caps; font-family:Times; }
Web page in browser:
Louise LABÉ
Advangages of a TEI/Epidoc markup
ExpressivenessExploitabilityUpgradability
Reusability
EpiDoc encoding example: abbreviation <expan>
<abbr>a</abbr><ex>bc</ex>
</expan>
<expan><abbr>
<supplied reason="lost" cert="low">F</supplied>el</abbr><ex cert="low">icitati</ex>
</expan>
a(bc)
Default (Panciera) style: [F?]el(icitati?)Duke Databank style: [F(?)]el(icitati(?))London style: [F?]el(icitati?)
Tools: Oxygen Editor
Schema & documentation
Wrap up - 1
● Digitized vs digital ○ if you can reproduce your edition without substantial loss, you’re not really doing a scholarly
edition…
● Encoding text allows to:○ publish texts electronically
○ capture semantic distinctions
○ single input => multiple output
○ interchange with other projects
■ federated searches
■ linked data
○ Reuses
○ Long term sustainability
Wrap up - 2
● Markup may be an intellectual activity: ○ there is no such thing as a neutral markup ○ the editor’s job: deciding what markup to apply and how this represents his understanding
● It’s not difficult: Philology is encoding
