Nutritional mode Structural organization Growth Reproduction

EUKARYOTIC Heterotrophic:

• saprobes• parasites• symbiotic • Decomposers

most are multicellular CW: CHITIN

extracellular digestion • secrete enzymes

STRUCTURES:• hyphae

cell wall made of chitin septa/cross walls

incomplete or perforated

• Mycelium

reproduce asexually• spores• hyphae fragmentation

reproduce sexually • spores (sporangiophores)• Hyphae (- and +)

↑ genetic diversity Spores and hyphae SYNGAMY

• Plasmogamy• karyogamy

BASED on:• modes of reproduction• basic structure

PHYLUM Oomycota(FUNGUS-LIKE) PHYLUM Zygomycota PHYLUM Ascomycota PHYLUM Basidiomycota PHYLUM Deuteromycota

oomycetes/water molds and downy mildews

finely branched single-celled filaments

cell wall not chitin protist-like fungi diploid stage is

dominant Coenocytic/

aseptate

e.g. water molds (saprobes or parasites of fish)

Zygomycetes /conjugation fungi zygosporangia 1,050 spp. Saprobic Parasitic many are important symbionts of

vascular plants

hyphae aseptate asexual reproduction: spore

formation sexual reproduction: conjugation

(+/- mating strains) zygospore e.g. molds:Rhizopus (black bread

mold)

Rhizoids Stolons Sporangiophores spores

ascomycetes/sac fungi largest group of fungi (30,000 spp.) produces two kinds of spores:

• sexual spores ascospores (inside the ascus)

• asexual spores conidia (naked)

conidia

ASCUS

STRUCTURES:• asci • ascocarp

hyphae septate• multinucleate (perforated)

most saprobic some pathogens of plants (Dutch elm

disease, chestnut blight, ergot)

ASCUS

e.g. yeasts (unicellular) cup fungi powdery mildews blue and green molds Ophiostoma ulmi (causes Dutch elm

disease) Microsphaera (powdery mildew)

trufflesMORELS

Tubifer melanosporum

basidiomycetes/club fungi 25,000 spp. sexual reproduction basidiospores

formed on club-shaped basidia

some produce asexual spores conidia

hyphae septate fruiting body basidiocarp diverse in shape/structure e.g. mushrooms

Toadstools puffballs

bracket fungi/shelf fungi (Ganoderma)

coral fungi (Clavulina)

earthstar (Geastrum) stinkhorns rusts (parasites of wheat, barley, oats

& other crop plants) smuts (attack corn, wheat, oats,

barley and rye)

stalk and cap annulus gills

Primary mycelia Secondary

imperfect fungi sexual reproductive phase e.g. Penicillium (produces the

antibiotic penicillin) ringworm athletes foot