Game Of Thrones

RISE OF SUPER POWERS

IndexBritish ColonialismWorld War IWorld War IICold WarUSA as a superpowerIndo-Pakistan Conflict

What it takes to be a superpower

Large size and geographical advantages Enough resources to be self sustaining Large population Large national economy (high GDP) Possession of nuclear power and major

military advancements Strong cultural influence over other

nations

5 Great Superpowers of all time Roman Empire(1st century):From England to Africa and

from Syria to Spain, one in every four people on earth lived and died under Roman law.

Mongal Empire(1200-1300): The Mongol Empire stretched from Central Europe to the sea of Japan

British Empire(1700-1800):The largest empire in history, grew out of trading activities

Soviet Union(post world wars):Enormous size and resources made it a central power

United States: The true superpower that combines the best features of all the previous superpowers

The Great Britain Empire The sun never sets on the British Empire Largest European Empire At one time Great Britain controlled: Canada, Australia, India, parts of Africa, and many Caribbean islands Controlled America until 1776, Canada until the

20th century Colonized Australia and used it as a penal colony

(prison colony)

The Great Britain InvasionInvasion map

The Royal Navy

Industrial Revolution

Wealth of colonies

Military prowess and discipline

Stable government

The Fall Of United KingdomThe consequence of fighting two World Wars in a

relatively short amount of timeThe emergence of the United States and the Soviet

Union rise to superpower status after the end of World War II

End of imperialismThe ideological changeDecolonisation across the world

World War I (1914-1918)

CausesImportant EventsThe War beginsEnd of War

Causes of warMilitarism-Industrial revolution led to large militaries ,arms race began.Alliances-Treaties were signed such that if one country was attacked allied countries were bound to defend them.Imperialism-Practice of extending nations power by gaining territories,Britain was worlds largest Imperialist power.Nationalism-Desire of nations for dominance and prestige.

Important events1914-Serbians vowed to take Bosnia and Herzogovinia from Austria.Franz Ferdinand an Austrian leader was assasinated by Serbian army.So Austria sent ultimatum to turn the conspirators or go for war.This set chain reaction.Sinking of Lusitania-At that time Germans had made naval blockade,no ship was allowed to pass through territory.An American ship was sank by German submarine,1000 americans were killed.This was entry of America into picture of World politics.

The war beginsTurning the table around-America sent 3 million troops for war.World was divided into two parts.

Allied powers Central powers France Germany Britain Bulgaria Russia Austria-Hungary Italy Turkey America

End of WarAfter 3 years of war central powers exhausted and Austria surrendered,with them Germany also surrendered.After Effects of war-Weapons used for mass-killing caused damage.Social-10 million soldiers killed and 20 million wounded.World was left with intolerance and hatred.Economic-Total cost of war was 350 million which caused lowering of standard of living,famines.Political-USA emerges as world power.Treaty of Versailles-Germany was forced to pay enormous amount to victims.League of nations is created to solve international problems and maintain world peace

The History Makers Of World War II

Europe Between Hitler and StalinThe First World War left a deep imprint on

European society and policy Soldiers came to be placed above civilians Politicians and publicists laid great stress on the

need for men to be aggressive, strong and masculine

Democracy was a young and fragile ideaThis gave birth to communism and dictatorship

COMMUNISM The ideas were based on Karl Marx’s writings Everything was to be equal – those who had

things should share with those who do not Socialism would eventually take over the

capitalist countries because workers would get fed up of being exploited

The idea was that people would work together for the good of everyone

The government would share the profits and everyone would receive the benefits

Joseph Stalin A totalitarian government is one where there is only

one party allowed - the ruling party In Stalin’s Russia this meant that the Communist

Party was supreme The people are expected to be totally loyal to the

state and to the person at the head of the government

Stalin ruled as a dictator, commanding his people with absolute power

He conducted many purges against his rivals and introduced a new constitution which reinforced his power

Adolf Hitler The crisis in the economy, polity and society formed

the background to Hitler’s rise to power The German defeat horrified him and the Versailles

Treaty made him furious The crimes that the Nazi’s committed were linked to a

system of belief and a set of practices The crimes that the Nazi‟s committed were linked to a

system of belief and a set of practices Under the shadow of war, the Nazi‟s proceeded to

realise their murderous, racial ideal. Genocide and war became two sides of the same coin

Down fall of Hitler The policy of never to retreat Hitler became Commander-in-Chief,

neglecting all advice Battle of Stalingrad Poor Choice of allies Germany lost , Hitler died…

The Cold War (1945-1991)

What is Cold War?The US vs. the Soviet UnionHow it startedThe forming of NATOThe forming of Warsaw PactBerlin wallSpace race

IntroductionThe Cold War began to form after World War II. The disagreements started between 1947-1951. The world split into two large organizations NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Warsaw pact. Many people believed at that time that a nuclear war would start. The main tensions were between The Soviet Union (“Russia”) and The United States. Both sides and their allies were building up their weapons but did not use them. It was a fight between political systems for power.

The US vs. the Soviet Union

Lots of the conflict happened in Germany because it had borders with allies of the Warsaw Pact and NATO. Russia became

communist and also captured many countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Together with the Russian Federation these fifteen republics formed the USSR.

The United States also was affected by the Cold War because of the Bay of Pigs an the Cuban Missile crisis.

How it startedCapitalists and Communists had been clashing since the Russian revolution but the disagreements got worse after World War II. Germany had been split up into many parts when World War II ended. The Soviet Union had the east but which also had Berlin. The United States, France, Britain, and The Soviet Union all had a part of Berlin. The Soviet Union wanted the rest of Berlin and that’s how the Berlin Blockade got started.

The forming of NATOThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization include twelve nations that have an alliance. These include The United States and The United Kingdome. NATO was officially formed on April 4, 1949. They all signed the North Atlantic Treaty. After the fall of communism NATO has become a political force rather than a military force

The NATO flag.

Formation of Warsaw Pact.

Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and mutual assistance was formed on May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland. The Warsaw Pact was formed the same year that NATO was announced and is thought to have been created due to NATO’s formation. There were eight members of this pact. This pact is ,since 1991, extinct or “nonexistent”.

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall was constructed on August 13, 1961. The wall divided East and West Berlin, the people on the East were not allowed to leave. Over 125 people were killed attempting to escape East Berlin. East Berlin was controlled by the Soviet Union and was communist. The wall stayed up for 28 years until June 13, 1990 when the wall was officially taken down.

The Space Race

The Space Race was race between the United States and the Soviet Union to see who could explore outer space first. When the Soviets launched Sputnik the whole race slowly began. The Apollo 11 mission by the United States was very successful and was watched by 500million people around the world.

How to become a Superpower?America as a SuperpowerOil and Nuclear warEmerging Superpowers

Rise of Superpowers after WWII

How to become a super power?To be a superpower a nation needs to have :Strong EconomyAn overpowering militaryImmense international political powerStrong national ideology

USA as a superpowerLargest Economy in the worldGDP of $5.2 trillion (in 1990) , enormous industrial base, modernized farming industry, large mineral resources, energy resources, high standard of living.Highest military expenditure in the worldWorld's largest navy surpassing the next 13 largest navies combinedLargest nuclear arsenal in the worldPermanent seat in the United Nations.Strong ties with western Europe

Oil warIt is the term used to describe a conflict about petroleum resources or their consumption or regulation

Russia-Ukraine gas disputes and intervention of USA in Saudi Arabia , Iran and Iraq are the examples of oil war

Emerging SuperpowersThe term 'Potential superpowers' has been applied by scholars and other qualified commentators to the possibility of several states achieving superpower status in the 21st century.Due to their large markets, growing military strength, economic potential, and influence in international affairs some nations can be termed as the potential superpowers.

The potential Superpowers are :China Russia

European UnionIndia

(also Brazil and Japan)

Indo-Pakistan Conflict Divide and Rule Kashmir Conflict Indo-Pakistan Wars Nuclear Arms Race India-Emerging Superpower

Divide and Rule The Act of

Independence in caused India to split into two countries : India &Pakistan in 1947

This caused riots among the people of two nations which resulted into wars

Kashmir-Land of Conflict

Indo-Pakistan Wars 1947-The First Kashmir War(Line of Control) 1965-Inflitration into J&K(Ended in Tashkent

Declaration) 1971-War against East Pakistan(Bangladesh) 1999-Kargil War

Nuclear Arms RaceThe post-war era saw both the nations emerge into nuclear conflict.Pakistan stated first strike policy in case of invasionHowever India delcared policy of ‘no first use’

India Pakistan

Pokhran-I(1974) Kirana-I(1980)

Pokhran-II(1998) Chagai I&II(1998)

India Emerging Superpower

India has 2nd largest army and 4 th largest airforce in the world Indian navy has 155 vessels and INS Viraat aircraft carrier India is among top 5 nations in space research ISRO’s Mars orbiter mission is first interplanetory mission by India India is among the nations with Nuclear Research

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