GENERAL ASPECTS GENERAL ASPECTS OF MUSCLESOF MUSCLES

DEFINATION OF MUSCLESDEFINATION OF MUSCLES

It is a contractile tissue which brings about It is a contractile tissue which brings about movementmovement

It is one of the mechanical effector organ of It is one of the mechanical effector organ of the bodythe body

Four important characteristics being Four important characteristics being excitability, contractility, extensibility and excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticityelasticity

May be regarded as organs consisting of May be regarded as organs consisting of muscular and connecting tissuesmuscular and connecting tissues

CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLESCLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES

DEVELOPMEMTAL CLASSIFICATIONDEVELOPMEMTAL CLASSIFICATION 1.Ectodermal e.g sphincter and 1.Ectodermal e.g sphincter and

dilator pupillaedilator pupillae 2.Endodrmal e.g myoepitheliocytes 2.Endodrmal e.g myoepitheliocytes

of salivary glandsof salivary glands 3.Mesodermal e.g rest of the 3.Mesodermal e.g rest of the

muscles including skeletal, smooth muscles including skeletal, smooth and cardiac musclesand cardiac muscles

STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

Striated musclesStriated muscles SkeletalSkeletal CardiacCardiac

Non striated musclesNon striated muscles

SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES

NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE Geometrical shape e.g rhomboid,trapezoidGeometrical shape e.g rhomboid,trapezoid Number of heads of origin e.g bicepsNumber of heads of origin e.g biceps Location e.g temporalis,supraspinatousLocation e.g temporalis,supraspinatous Structural appearance e.g semitendinosusStructural appearance e.g semitendinosus Attachments e.g stylohoidAttachments e.g stylohoid Functions e.g adductor longusFunctions e.g adductor longus Direction of fibres e.g rectus, transversusDirection of fibres e.g rectus, transversus Size e.g minimus, maximusSize e.g minimus, maximus Position e.g palmar, superficialisPosition e.g palmar, superficialis

ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLESMUSCLES

TWO ENDSTWO ENDSORIGIN, INSERTIONORIGIN, INSERTION

TWO PARTSTWO PARTSFLESHY : BellyFLESHY : BellyFIBROUS : Tendons, AponeurosisFIBROUS : Tendons, Aponeurosis

STRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL STRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL MUSCLEMUSCLE

CONTRACTILE TISSUECONTRACTILE TISSUEFibres,FibrilsFibres,Fibrils

SUPPORTING TISSUESUPPORTING TISSUE Endomysium, Perimysium, Endomysium, Perimysium,

EpimysiumEpimysium

MODES OF ATTACHMENTS MODES OF ATTACHMENTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLESOF SKELETAL MUSCLES

CartilagesCartilages• Inferior constrictor muscles of pharynx from thyroid Inferior constrictor muscles of pharynx from thyroid

cartilage of larynxcartilage of larynx FasciaFascia

• Platysma muscle of neck from fascia covering pectoralis Platysma muscle of neck from fascia covering pectoralis major and deltoidmajor and deltoid

TendonsTendons• Lumbricals of hand and foot from long flexor muscles of Lumbricals of hand and foot from long flexor muscles of

digitsdigits LigamentsLigaments

• Trapezius from ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous Trapezius from ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligamentsligaments

CLASSIFICATION OF SKELETAL CLASSIFICATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLESMUSCLES

ARCHITECTURAL CLASSIFICATIONARCHITECTURAL CLASSIFICATION A. PARALLEL MUSCLESA. PARALLEL MUSCLES 1.QUADRILATERAL e.g thyrohyoid1.QUADRILATERAL e.g thyrohyoid 2.STRAP e.g sartorius2.STRAP e.g sartorius 3.FUSIFORM e.g biceps brachii 3.FUSIFORM e.g biceps brachii

B. OBLIQUE MUSCLESB. OBLIQUE MUSCLES 1.TRIANGULAR e.g temporalis1.TRIANGULAR e.g temporalis 2.CIRCULAR e.g orbicularis oculi2.CIRCULAR e.g orbicularis oculi 3.DIGASTRIC e.g omohyoid3.DIGASTRIC e.g omohyoid 4.PENNATE4.PENNATE UNIPENNATE e.g flexor policis longusUNIPENNATE e.g flexor policis longus BIPENNATE e.g dorsal interossei, flexor hallucis BIPENNATE e.g dorsal interossei, flexor hallucis

longuslongus MULTIPENNATE e.g deltoidMULTIPENNATE e.g deltoid C.SPIRAL/TWISTED FASCICULI e.g pectoralis majorC.SPIRAL/TWISTED FASCICULI e.g pectoralis major

REGIONAL CLASSIFICATIONREGIONAL CLASSIFICATION

MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECKMUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES OF ABDOMEN, THORAX MUSCLES OF ABDOMEN, THORAX

AND PELVISAND PELVIS MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMBMUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMBMUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB

COLOR AND CONTRACTIONCOLOR AND CONTRACTION

RED MUSCLESRED MUSCLES

WHITE MUSCLESWHITE MUSCLES

INTERMEDIATE TYPEINTERMEDIATE TYPE

PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONPHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION

PRIME MOVERSPRIME MOVERS ANTAGONISTSANTAGONISTS SYNERGISTSSYNERGISTS FIXATORSFIXATORS

BLOOD SUPPLY OF BLOOD SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLESSKELETAL MUSCLES

NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLESMUSCLES

MOTOR FIBRESMOTOR FIBRES SENSORY FIBRESSENSORY FIBRES MUSCLE SPINDLESMUSCLE SPINDLES MOTOR POINTMOTOR POINT MOTOR UNITMOTOR UNIT

CLINICAL ASPECTS OF CLINICAL ASPECTS OF MUSCLESMUSCLES

PARALYSISPARALYSIS MUSCULAR STRAIN AND SPASMMUSCULAR STRAIN AND SPASM ATROPHY AND HYPERETROPHYATROPHY AND HYPERETROPHY REGENERATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLEREGENERATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MYSTHENIA GRAVISMYSTHENIA GRAVIS POLYMYOSITISPOLYMYOSITIS ANGINA PECTORISANGINA PECTORIS MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIAMYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA