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Bude to Berlin in Search of Information Imperialists GiKii 16/9/2013

#Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

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Zeblanity and empire? From telegraph tapping to Tempora fibre splitting. Note that 'dodge' is used in the biblical sense.

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Page 1: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Bournemouth to Bude to Berlin in

Search of Information Imperialists

GiKii 16/9/2013

Page 2: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

From Brighton

• Far pavilions – Sussex@Brighton– Brighton Pavillion built by Prince George • (the stupid one in Blackadder III) 1810s

– Which is exactly when our story begins

Page 3: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Prism? Nothing to see here?

Page 4: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

NSA & GCHQ civil war on encryption: #EdgeHill #Bullrun and #Cheesy Name

NSA $250 million per year buys:• Tampering with national standards (NIST specifically)

– to promote weak, or otherwise vulnerable cryptography.• Influencing standards committees to weaken protocols.• Working with hardware and software vendors

– weaken encryption and random number generators.• Attacking encryption used by 'next generation of 4G phones'.• Obtaining cleartext access to 'a major internet peer-to-peer voice and

text communications system' (Skype?)• Identifying and cracking vulnerable keys (CheesyName).• Establishing a Human Intelligence division to infiltrate the global

telecommunications industry – essentially bribing employees• Decrypting HTTPS/SSL connections

– Yahoo, Google, Hotmail/Outlook

Page 5: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Telegraph as Victorian Internet

“The shift from sailing ships to telegraph was far more radical than that from telephone to email!” - Noam Chomsky

“The American father is never seen in London. He passes his life entirely in Wall Street and communicates with his family once a month by means of a telegram in cipher” – Oscar Wilde

Page 6: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Atlantic cable 1866; epic failure Russia-US 1865-7

Page 7: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Greatest Victorian engineering triumph• Telegraph needed great ships to carry cable• SS Great Eastern built Isle of Dogs 1858– 32,000 tonnes: largest ship yet built – until 1901– Laid 48,000 km of cable 1866-78, including

north/south Atlantic and India

Page 8: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Brunel’s genius supplied the answerAs Great Western Railway supplied • land-based telegraphy protected

rights of way• most UK phone calls still travel alongside

railwaysGreatest competitor to BT: • British Rail Telephony

Wholesaled to charlatans WorldCom, Global CrossingCable & Wireless

Page 9: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

‘Spade-hacker’ cuts off Armenia 6/4/2011

• Fibre cable owned by Georgian railway ‘heavily protected’ – but landslides or heavy rain may have exposed it to scavengers

• "75-year-old woman was digging for copper in the ground so that she could sell it for scrap" Georgia interior ministry

• Georgia provides 90% of Armenia's internet– Large parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan were also affected.

• The damage was detected by a system monitoring the fibre-optic link from western Europe and a security team was immediately dispatched to the spot, where the woman was arrested.

• The interior ministry said she had no accomplices.• http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/06/georgian-woman-cuts-w

eb-access

Page 10: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Geography still mattersSouth west point of England (Logan’s Rock)

– last sheltered beach, facing south

Owned by tax-dodging Duke of Cornwall– Who charges enormous ‘cable landing fees’

Visit Porthcurno Telegraph Museum– Formerly Cable & Wireless Training College– Formerly Eastern Telegraph Company (ETC)

Page 11: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Victorian Internet, Victorian taps• Railways Act 1844; Telegraph Acts 1863, 1870• Lionel Bentley – Overland Telegraph 1872 (Afghan camel drivers)– Australian fears of Eastern Telegraph monopoly

• owned by and informing London government– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Overland_Telegraph_Line

• Official Secrets Act 1911• Espionage Act 1917• Terrorism Act 2000 et seq • RIPA 2000– Previously unregulated!

Page 12: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Cables could – and can - be tapped

Page 13: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

TEMPORA: Cables like TAT14

Page 14: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Bude – GCHQ signals intelligence base Cornwall

Page 15: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Conspiracy? Singapore ‘five-eyes’ hub• “Singapore, Australia, USA , UK unlawfully

intercepted the voice and data traffic of SEA-ME-WE 3 and SEA-ME-WE 4 submarine cables”

• “SingTel will have to deliver a great speech [when] partners meet to finalize construction of SEA-ME-WE 5 cable”

– Australian Defence intelligence officer told Fairfax Media access to submarine fibre optic cable traffic

– “gives the 5-eyes [intelligence alliance] and our partners like Singapore a stranglehold on communications across the Eastern Hemisphere”• http://lirneasia.net/2013/08/spies-tampered-sea-me-we-3-

and-sea-me-we-4-submarine-cables-is-sea-me-we-5-next-victim/

Page 16: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

2013: Anti-Surveillance Discontent

• Snowden: Booz Allen’s man in Hawai’i – fled to UK imperial entrepot Hong Kong– Five Eyes extra-legal surveillance – each

pretending they’re spying on the other’s citizens– Congress votes to maintain NSA total information

awareness funding 24 July by 12 votes– Malcolm Rifkind neocons the neocon answer

• It’s like ‘special rendition’ and torture – official denials of what we all know

Page 17: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Patino Aroca, Foreign Minister of Ecuador: August 6 Security Council

• “MERCOSUR States 12 July in Montevideo resolved to – request Argentina to submit the massive espionage case

uncovered by Edward Snowden for consideration by UNSC. • “Just a few weeks ago the world saw a sequence of events more akin

to a Cold War spy novel than to modern times. On 5 June, leaks began to appear in publications in major global media outlets.

• “we saw the size and the discretional nature of a massive surveillance apparatus that suddenly brought all the inhabitants of the planet closer than ever to an Orwellian nightmare. – we now know that everyone is considered a usual suspect by USA – Now we know that our communications are permanently

monitored by them.”

Page 18: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Attacks on journalists/whistle blowers

• Assange continues to take refuge in Ecuador Embassy 2012-13– Met Police will arrest him if diplomats accompany him to Heathrow– Interesting Q re. Australian Senate election

• Brazilian citizen David Miranda held 8:59hr on 18 August 2013– Heathrow transit lounge by Met Police under Schedule VII Terrorism Act

2000: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/7• Amended by Terrorism Act 2000 (Designated Ports) Order 2011

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/1938/note/made (for Stranraer)• Note that this is Northern Ireland inspired – not 9/11

– Prior information provided to NSA, White House, No.10• Bolivian President’s plane forced down July 2013

– by air traffic control across Europe– Resulting in United Nations Security Council debate regarding US/EU actions

• Edward Snowden seeks temporary asylum in Russia– Cuba having denied him safe passage to Venezuela

Page 19: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Whistleblowers can be silenced

Page 20: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Assange’s lawyer on ‘watch list’• Jennifer Robinson 18 April 2013 Twitter at 9.30pm:

– "Just delayed from checking in at LHR (London Heathrow) because I'm apparently 'inhibited' - requiring approval from Australia House @dfat (the Department of Foreign Affairs) to travel

– "Security guard: 'you must have done something controversial' because we have to phone the embassy. 'Certain government agencies' list."

– Australia Department of Foreign Affairs "not aware" of any restrictions – High Commission in London had no record of contact from British authorities.

• Commonwealth Lawyers Association:

• “Article 13 of the UN Principles on the Role of Lawyers sets out clearly that – 'lawyers shall not be identified with their clients or their

clients' causes as a result of discharging their functions'.”• http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/apr/19/julian-assange-lawyer-

flight-heathrow

Page 21: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Miranda rights? Terrorism Act 2000, Schedule VII, s.18

18(1)A person commits an offence if he—• (a)wilfully fails to comply with a duty imposed under or

by virtue of this Schedule,• (b)wilfully contravenes a prohibition imposed under or

by virtue of this Schedule, or• (c)wilfully obstructs, or seeks to frustrate, a search or

examination under or by virtue of this Schedule.(2)A person guilty of an offence under this paragraph shall be liable on summary conviction to—• (a)imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months…

Page 22: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Corporate surveillance, civil resistance

Page 23: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Answers? Good questions?

Page 24: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Surfers don’t encrypt despite tools

Page 25: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Analysys Masons (2013) Study into the role of government in the Internethttp://www.analysysmason.com/PageFiles/42848/Analysys%20Mason%20Report%20for%20Ministry%20of%20Economic

%20Affairs%20230413.pdf

Page 26: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

There be Pirates!• We all fantasise the ‘Golden (sic) Age[s] of Piracy’ – Francis Drake to Daniel Defoe – 1580s and 1720s

• Copyright c/o J.Depp/Mouse productions

• But the nastiest age was post-Napoleonic Wars• Industrial piracy – especially in Atlantic/Med• Supressed by the hyper-power: – British Naval power

• Ostensibly in the service of – Abolition of Slavery Act 1807

• But mainly to secure trade routes – India, West Indies, Cape Colony– Australia and then Hong Kong

Page 27: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

“[USA] appears destined by Providence to plague America with miseries in the name of Freedom”

– Simon de Bolivar (attr.) 1829• David Bushnell and Lester D. Langley (2008) p. 135

– Simón Bolívar : Essays on the Life and Legacy of the Liberator

Page 28: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

August 6, 2013 UN Security Council: Antonio de Aguiar Patriota, Foreign Minister of Brazil

• “[I]nterception of communications and acts of espionage…violate sovereignty, harm relations between nations and constitute a violation of human rights, – in particular to privacy and of our citizens to information.

• This is a very serious issue with a profound impact on the international system. • Brazil welcome the statement made 12 July by UN High Commissioner for Human

Rights, Ms. Navi Pillay: – ‘surveillance programmes without adequate safeguards to protect the right to privacy

actually risk impacting negatively on the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms.’

• Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights – ‘No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or

correspondence’ • Articles 17 and 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,

– ‘Everyone has the right to protection of the law against such interference or attacks.’– Brazil also associates itself with the repeated appeals by Ms. Pillay in various forums that

efforts to combat terrorism must necessarily respect human rights and humanitarian law. Her position was incorporated into the decision of the Heads of State of MERCOSUR as well as the Presidential Statement (S/PRST/2013/12) adopted by the Security Council

Page 29: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

• Mention should be made of NATO… .a defense alliance that does not seem to frame its activities clearly under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter – has made use of concepts and strategies that raise problematic and sensitive

issues in terms of the articulation between regional level and UN system. • We are concerned that, historically, leaders of NATO and member countries

have considered that NATO does not necessarily require explicit authorization from the Security Council to resort to coercion.

• We are also concerned that NATO has loosely interpreted mandates for action aimed at promoting international peace and security authorized by the Security Council.

• We are concerned, as well that NATO has been searching to establish partnerships out of its area, far beyond the North Atlantic, including in regions of peace, democracy and social inclusion, and that rule out the presence of weapons of mass destruction in their territories.

• It would be extremely grave for the future of the articulation between regional and global efforts at promoting peace, as prescribed by UN, if groups of countries started to unilaterally define their sphere of action beyond the territory of their own members.”

• [Note Syrian debate and imperial over-stretch by NATO]

Page 30: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Annex to the note dated 22 July from the Permanent Mission of the Bolivarian Republic of

Venezuela to the United Nations• “Decision rejecting the acts of espionage conducted by the United States in

the countries of the region.” • “The President of the Argentine Republic, the President of the Plurinational

State of Bolivia, the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the President of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay and the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, having met in Montevideo, Eastern Republic of Uruguay, on 12 July, 2013, within the framework of the presidential summit of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR),

• Condemning the acts of espionage carried out by intelligence agencies of the United States of America , which affect all countries in the region,

• Strongly rejecting the interception of telecommunications and the acts of espionage carried out in our countries, which constitute a violation of the human rights, the right to privacy and the right to information of our citizens, and which also constitute unacceptable behavior that violates our sovereignty and is detrimental to the normal conduct of relations among nations,

Page 31: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Considering the advisability of promoting a coordinated approach to this issue at the regional level, decide to:

• Work together to guarantee the cybersecurity of the States members to MERCOSUR, which is essential to defending the sovereignty of our countries,

• Demand that those responsible immediately cease these activities and provide an explanation of the motives for and consequences of such activities,

• Stress that the prevention of crime and the suppression of transnational crimes, including terrorism, must be carried out in line with the rule of law and in strict observance of international law.

• Promote the adoption by the relevant multilateral institutions of standards for the regulation of the Internet which place a particular emphasis on cybersecurity issues, with a view to fostering the adoption of standards that guarantee the adequate protection of communications, in particular to safeguard the sovereignty of States and the privacy of individuals,

• Express our full solidarity with all countries, within and outside our region that have been victims of such actions,• Promote the joint efforts of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs to inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations

of these incidents and request prevention and sanction mechanisms on the issue at the multilateral level• Instruct the delegations of the Member States participating in the upcoming session of the United Nations General

Assembly to jointly present a formal proposal to that end,• Request the Argentine Republic to submit this matter to the Security Council for consideration,• Agree to establish a working group to coordinate efforts, together with the South American Defence Council and

the South American Infrastructure and Planning Council, aimed at carrying out activities that will render our telecommunications more secure and reduce our dependence on foreign technology.”

Page 32: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Zemblanity and Empire

• Global digital communications: the telegraph

Page 33: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Zemblanity?

• Opposite of serendipity: the unpleasant surprise• Sounds like Douglas

Adams? Excellent!• It’s based on Russian

nuclear test Arctic island of Zembla

• But this is the Sea of Okhotsk - to which we return (by submarine) later

Page 34: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Serendip: follow that camel?• Misconception: Walpole coined serendipity in The 3 Princes

of Serendip 1754 tale about quest for a missing camel. • 1st English translation of Tramezzino’s work 1964 as

Serendipity and the 3 Princes: From Peregrinaggio of 1557.• http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090726/Plus/sundaytimesplus_24.html

• 2nd misconception: serendipity synonymous with accident• Walpole’s metaphorical explanation centres on heroes who • “were always making discoveries, by accident and sagacity,

of things they were not in quest of” – gift for discovery while in pursuit of something else

• Sounds like Gikii?

Page 35: #Gikii2013 and #ICIC2013 Chris Marsden on Tempora and telegraph

Serendipity’s antonym: zemblanity William Boyd (1998) Armadillo

• Faculty of making unhappy, unlucky and expected discoveries by design

• Incompatible but essential indispensable part of serendipity? • “So what is the opposite of Serendip, a southern land of spice and warmth,

lush greenery and hummingbirds, seawashed, sunbasted? Think of another world in the far north, barren, icebound, cold, a world of flint and stone. Call it Zembla.” – Derivation discussed by Simon Hertnon From Afterwit to Zemblanity: 100 Endangered

Words Brought to Life.

• Opposite of paradisiacal Serendib - a barren, icebound, northern land: Nova Zembla, nuclear testing archipelago

• Latinisation of the Russian novaya zemlya, which means ‘new land’. • OED: Zembl(i)an: “a. adjective Belonging to Nova Zembla, hence, arctic. b.

noun A native or inhabitant of Nova Zembla.”