2nd Semester: Grammar Book

Table of Contents

Conditional 3 Subjunctive 18-

20

irregulars 4 basics

+triggers

18

Perfect Tenses 5-9 irregulars 19

Present 5 expressed 20

irregulars 6 Impersonal

Expressions

21

Past 7 Expressions of Emotion 22

Present Perfect Subjunctive 8 Conjunctions of Time 23

Tan vs. Tanto 9 Demonstrative Adj./Pro. 24

Impersonal “se” 10

Saber vs. Conocer 11

Los Mandatos 12-

17

Formal Affirmative/Negative 12

irregulars 13

Informal

Affirmative/Negative+irregulars

14

ConditionalInfinitive + -ending

-ía -íamos

-ías

-ía -ían

For polite

requests:

If I could _______, then I would _______.

Si pudiera _______,

(conditional).

If I could run, I would run more.

Si pudiera correr, correríamás.

imperfect: Íbamos al parque los sábados.

We would go to the park on Saturdays.

conditional:De adolescentes,

comíamosmucho.

When we were teenagers, we

used to eat a lot.

Conditional Irregulars

hacer har--

ending

haber habr--

ending

saber sabr--

ending

tener tendr--

ending

caber cabr--

ending

decir dir--

ending

poner pondr--

ending

querer querr--

ending

salir saldr--

ending

venir vendr--

ending

valer valdr--

ending

poder podr--

ending

Present Perfect

I have eaten my food.

He has writtenhis letter

They have been stranded for six days.

haber + past participle

(yo) he comido. I have eaten.

Past Participle

comido. eaten.

Haber (present)

(yo) he I have

Haber (conjugated in

present)

he hemos

has

ha han

verbdrop the infinitive ending

add the participle ending

comer com- +ido

pagar pag- +ado

Present Perfect Irregulars

abrir abierto

cubrir cubierto

decir dicho

escribir escrito

hacer hecho

morir muerto

poner puesto

resolver resuelto

romper roto

ver visto

volver vuelto

ir ido

Past Perfect

I had studied.

He had written a

letter.

We had been

stranded.

haber + past participle

(yo) había comido. I had eaten.

Past Participle

comido. eaten.

Haber (imperfect)

(yo) había I had

Haber (conjugated in

imperfect)

había habíamos

habías

había habían

verbdrop the infinitive ending

add the participle ending

comer com- +ido

pagar pag- +ado

Subjunctive PerfectUsed to indicate the action

as completed with the verbs in the present or future tense.

Haber (subjunctive)

haya hayamos

hayas

haya hayan

present subjunctive

• Dudo que lo hagas.

• I doubt you'll do it.

present perfect subjunctive

• Dudo que lo hayashecho.

• I doubt that you did it.

haber participlepresent perfect

subjunctive

Tanto y Tan

plus

como como

uses

adj/adv noun

tan tantoExample:

Felipe es tan alegre

como Gino.

Tengo tanto dinero como

Juan.

Impersonal “se”

uses:to avoid

specifying a subject

always conjugate the verb to the 3rd

person

can be used in all tenses

Examples:

No se habla español aquí.Spanish is not spoken here.

Se puede jugar en este lugar.It is possible to play in this

place.

Saber vs. Conocer

Saber

• facts

Conocer

• people

Saber

sé sabemos

sabes

sabe saben

Conocer

conozco conocemos

conoces

conoce conocen

Examples:

Juan sabe donde está María.

Juan knows where Maria is.

Yo no sé tu número de teléfono.

I don't know your telephone

number.

Yo no conozco a María.

I don't know Maria.

Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid.

Alberto and Alfredo know Madrid.

Formal Affirmative/Negative

If it is an –ar verb, add an:

-e (singular)

OR

-en (plural)

If it is an -er/-ir verb, add an:

-a (singular)

OR

-an (plural)

bailar --> bailo

bail

baile/en

change to the "yo" form

drop the ending

add an a/an or e/en

Formal Irregulars• tener

• tengo --> tengue/enT• venir

• vengo --> venga/anV• Dar: dé/en

• Decir: diga/anD• Ir

• voy --> vaya/anI• Ser

• sea/anS• Hacer

• hago --> haga/anH• Estar

• estoy --> esté/enE• Saber

• sepá/anS

buscar busce busque

pagar page pague

almorzar almuerze almuerce

-car, -gar, -zar verbs

Informal Affirmative/Negative

Commands + Irregulars

conjugate the verb in the 3rd

person present tense

habla come

infinitive

hablar comer

-er irregulars

salir > sal decir > di

tener > ten hacer > haz

venir > ven ir > ve

poner > pon

no _______.

no hables no comas

add the opposite tú ending

-ar > -as -er> -es

conjugate the verb in the “yo” form (present tense)

hablo como

infinitive

hablar comer

A F

F

I R

M

A

T

I

V

E

N E

G

A

T

I

V E

DOP/IOP PlacementIOP

me nos

te

le/se les/ses

DOP

lo los

la las

The DOP is attached

to the end of the

affirmative command:

Compra lashamburguesas.

Compralas. *Cómpralas

*the addition of

the OP to the

end of the

command form

requires an

accent mark

over the

stressed syllable

DOP/IOP Placement

IOP always goes before the

DOP.

No compres lashamburguesas.

No lascompres.

The DOP and IOP cannot be

attached in a negative

command and must go

between the “no” and the

command:

NegativeNo te lascompré.

I did not buy them for you.

Affirmative Díselo.I gave it to

her.

Nosotros Commands +mono

verbs

drop the o and add the opposite nosotrosending

hablemos comamos

conjugate in the “yo” form (present tense)

hablo como

infinitive

hablar comer

IR

affirmative negative

vamos no

vayamos

-mosnos -monos

levantemosnos levantémonos

Subjunctive +triggers

indicative mood

• facts

• real

• definite

subjunctive

• uncertain

• hypothetical

• attitude

-ar

-e -emos

-es

-e -en

-er/-ir

-a -amos

-as

-a -an

comer como com-(yo)

coma

infinitive“yo” form

verb stem

add ending

Trigger Phrases:

esperar que to wish that ... insistir en que ... to insist that ... mandar que ... to order that

... preferir que ... to prefer that ... prohibir que ... to prohibit that ... querer que ... to

want that ... es aconsejable que ... it's advisable that ... es necesario que ... it's

necessary that ... pedir que ... to ask that ... recomendar que ... to recommend that ...

rogar que ... to plead that ... sugerir que ... to suggest that ...

Present Subjunctive Irregulars

• teng-tener

• veng-venir

• d-/dig-dar/decir

• vay-ir

• se-ser

• hag-/hayhacer/haber

• est-estar

• sep-saber

-car

• -que

-gar

• -gue

-zar

• -ce

-car, -gar, -zar

almuerce busque juegue

-ending

almuerze busce juege

“yo” form

almuerzo busco juego

verbo

almorzar buscar jugar

Subjunctive Expressed

general uses: to express:

will and influence

emotion

doubt, disbelief, and

denial

definiteness and

nonexistence

main(conjunction)

quesubordinate

clause

subjunctive expression

Es importante que aprendas el subjuntivo.

subordinate clause

aprendas el subjuntivo.

conjunction

que

main clause

Es importante

Impersonal Expressions

es bueno que…

• its good that…

es malo que…

• its bad that…

es mejor que…

• its better that…

es importante que…

• its important that

es urgente que…

• its urgent that…

es necesario que…

• its necessary that…

usually used to:

be the main clause in a subjunctive expression.

express an idea without naming a

subject.

Expressions of Emotion

w/Subjunctive

alegrarse de

esperar

sentir

sorprender

temer

es triste

ojalá que

main clause

• hope

• fear

• joy

• pity

• surprise

subordinate clause

• subjunctive

ojalá que subjunctiveojalá que

se conservan.

Siento que tu no puedas venir

mañana.

I’m sorry that you can’t come

tomorrow.

Conjuctions of Timeasí que

• as soon as

cuando

• when

despues de que

• after

en cuanto

• as soon as

hasta que

• until

luego que

• as soon as

tan pronto como

• as soon as

take the indicative when the action in the

subordinate clause is either habitual or in

the past. The subjunctive is used when the

main clause is a command or in the

(potential) future:

Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives

Juan reads this book. (adjective)Juan lee este libro.

Juan reads this. (pronoun)Juan lee este.

estethis

this/these

• este (m)

• estos (m)

• esta (f)

• estas (f)

that/those

• ese (m)

• esos (m)

• esa (f)

• esas (f)

that one over there

• aquel (m)

• aquellos(m)

• aquella (f)

• aquellas (f)