By Zoilo Broach

1. Nationalities

2. Stem Changing Verbs

3. Para

4. IOP

5. Pronoun Placement

6. Gustar

7. Affirmative and Negative Words

8. Superlatives

9. Reflexives

10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement

12. Sequencing events

o > ue

• Poder, Puede

e > i

• Pedir, Pide

e > ie

• Tener, Tiene

u > ue

• Jugar, Juega

-Means “for” or “in order to”

Tells “to whom” or “for whom”

Can :

- Come before a verb

- attach to an infinitive

- attach to a gerund

- attach to an affirmative command

1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command

4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

Means “to like”

Follows an indirect object pronoun

Example: He likes to eat.

- Le gusta come.

Negative

Nada

Nadie

Ninguno

Nunca

tampoco

Affirmative

Algo

Alguien

Alguna

Siempre

Tambien

Expresses extremes in adjectives. Drop the last vowel and add the ending –isimo(a). If last consonant is c, g, or z then spelling is changed.

c > qu

g > gu

Z > c

When the direct object is also the doer then a pronoun called a reflexive is added in front of the verb.

These are me, te, se, nos, and se.

Use the correct pronoun, put in tu form and drop the s.

He shaves himself : Se afeita

When giving instructions/commands to someone.

Put verb in tu form and drop the s.

Example : Comer – Come

Telling someone not to do something

Put in yo form, change to opposite vowel, and add an s.

ar > e

er/ir > a

Example : No hables

Primero = First

Entonces = Next

Antes = Before

Despues = After

Por fin = Finally

-Ar verbs

e amos

Aste asteis

o aron

-Er verbs

I imos

iste isteis

io ieron

Un dia One day

Una vez Once

Ayer Yesterday

A noche At night

Hace un ano A year ago

Ya Already

El mes pasado Last month

Anteayer Day before yesterday

Por una hora For one hour

Por fin Finally

Una dia One day

A las ocho At eight

Dos veces twice

-car > que Tocar > toque

-gar > gue Jugar > jugue

-zar > ce Comenzar > comence

Deber = should

Use Deber + infinitive

Example : Yo debo bailo.

Debo Debemos

Debes Debeis

debe Deben

Modal verb examples : deber, desear, necesitar, poder.

No side-by-side conjugated verbs

Example: Yo debo canto = Incorrect

-er and –ir verbs change to –iendo

-ar verbs change to –ando

If verb ends in a double vowel (like leer) it changes to yendo

Example: Cantar > Cantando

Mover > Moviendo

If ending in –o or –a adjective changes to –amente.

If ending in –e or a consonant then add –mente

Example: Feliz > Felizmente

Rapido > Rapidamente