Liliana Russell

GRAMMAR BOOK

1. Imperfect

2. Preterite

3. Por y Para

4. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

5. Usted Commands

6. Present Subjunctive

7. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence

8. Subjunctive with verbs of emotion

9. Doubt, disbelief and denial

10. Conjunctions

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Can be used

-to speak about background events in a story

-to talk about something you used to do as a matter of habit

-to speak about how old someone was

-to say what time it was

-arCantar

-erTener

-irSalir

Cantaba Tenia Salía

Cantabas Tenias Salías

Cantaba Tenia Salía

Cantábamos

Teníamos Salíamos

Cantabais Teníais Salíais

Cantaban Tenían Salían

IMPERFECT

-er and –ir verb endings include –ia.-ar verb endings include –aba/ -ába.

Ser Ir Ver

Era Iba Veía

Eras Ibas Veías

Era Iba Veía

Éramos Íbamos Veíamos

Erais Ibais Veíais

Eran Iban Veían

Here are the only verbs that don’t follow the regular pattern.

PRETERITE

AR

é Amos

Aste

ó Aron

Er/ir

í Imos

Iste

Ió Ieron

Preterito

Car Gar Zar

Spock VerbsDar/ ver

Di/ vi Dimos/ vimos

Diste/ viste

Dio/ vio Dieron/ vieronIr/ ser

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste

Fue Fueron

Hacer

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste

Hizo Hicieron

Snake/ SnakeyStem ChangersDormíDormisteDurmióDormimosDurmieron

Y ChangersLeíLeímosLeísteLeyóLeyeron

Cucaracha VerbsAndar Anduv

-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Quere Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venir Vin-

Conducir

Conduj-

Producir

Produj-

Traducir

Traduj-

Trigger wordsAyer, anoche, anteayer, la semana pasada, el mes pasado, el año pasado

-e-iste-o-imos-isteis-ieron

-car

yo-

qué

-gar

yo-

gué

-zar

yo -cé

• Use por Use para (for, in order to) to indicate…

POR Y PARA

The recipient of items• El regalo para tú mama

Purpose• Vamos al restaraunte para comer.

Implied purpose• Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo.

Motion or a general location

- La exursion nos llevo por el

centro.

Duration of an action

- Miguel estudio por la noche

Object of a search

- Vengo por ti a las ocho.

Means by which something is

done- Ellos viajan

por la autopista.

Exchange or substitution

- Le di dinero por el estereo.

Unit of measure- Jose manejaba 120 kilometros

por hora.

These show personal relationships of possessions. All of them agree in gender and number with the

nouns they describe. Long form- singular

Mio Nuestro

Tuyo Vuestro

Suyo suyo

Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

Long form- plural

Mios Nuestros

Tuyos Vuestros

Suyos suyos

These also form personal relationships. To form one, you

1. Use the long form of he possessive adjective

2. Add el, la, los, las according to the gender and number of the noun it replaces

A verb used reflexively tells you that only the subject of the verb is involved in the action. When using a reflexive verb in the infinitive form, attach the pronoun to the infinitive.

Short Form

Mi

Tu

Su

• Used to refer to a group of people or in formal situations

• They are formed by dropping the final –o of the yo form of the

present tense. For –ar verbs, add –e or –en. For –er and –ir

verbs, add –a or –an.

Infinitive

Present tense yo form

Ud. Command

Uds. Command

Limpiar Limpio Limpie Limpien

Barrer Barro Barra Barran

Sacudir Sacudo Sacuda sacudan

USTED COMMANDS

• Verbs with irregular yo forms have the same irregularity in their formal commands. (conducir, conocer, decir, hacer, ofrecer, oir, poner, salir, tener, traducir, traer, venir, and ver)

E: ie O: ue E:I

No pierda la llave.

Vuelva temprano.

Sirva la sopa.

Cierren la puerta.

Duerman bien, chicos.

Repitan las oraciones.

• Used to express will and

influence, emotion, doubt/ disbelief/ denial,

and indefiniteness.

Hablar Comer Escribir

Hable Coma Escriba

Hables Comas Escribas

Hable Coma Escriba

Hablemos

Comamos

Escribamos

Habléis Comáis Escribáis

Hablen Coman Escriban

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

Infinitive Present indicitave

Present Subjunctive

Conducir Conduzco Conduzca

Conocer Conozco Conozca

Decir Digo Diga

Hacer Hago Haga

Ofrecer Ofrezco Ofrezca

Oir Oigo Oiga

Paracer Parezco parezca

• Verbs with irregular yo forms in the present indicative tense have the same irregularity in th epresent subjunctive.

• Un verbo “Especial”

• Dos clausulas• Dos sujetos

diferentes• La palabra

“que”

Dar, ir, ser, haber, estar, saber

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF WILL AND INFLUENCE

Verbs of will and

influence

Aconsejar: to advise

Importar: to

be import

ant

Insistir: to insist

Mandar: to order

Prhibir: to prohi

bit

Recomendar: to

recommend

Rogar: to beg: plead

• When the main clause of a sentyence expresses an emotion or feeling, use the subjunctive in the

subordinate clause• Marta espera que yo vaya

al lago este fin de semana.

• Use the infinite after the expression of emotion

when there is no change of subject

• Temo llegar tarde.• The expression ojala (que) is always followed by the subjunctive. The

use of que is optional• Ojala (que) se conserven

nuestros recursos naturales.

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH VERBS OF EMOTION

Common verbs and expressions of emotion

Esperar To hope; to wish

Gustar To be pleasing; to

like

Temer To be worried;

concerned

Es terrible It’s terrible

Alegarse (de) To be happy

• The subjunctive is used with expression of doubt,

disbelief, and denial• Dudan que su hijo les

diga la verdad.• The subjunctive is used in

a subordinate clause when there is a change of

subject and the main clause implies negation

or uncertainty.

• Use an infinitive after an expression of uncertainty, doubt, disbelief, or denial when there is no change

of subject• Use the indicative in a

subordinate clause when the main clause expresses

certainty.• The verb creer expresses

belief or certainty, so it is followed by the

indicative.

DOUBT, DISBELIEF AND DENIAL

• Conjunctions are words or phrases that connect clauses in sentences. Certain conjunctions introduce adverbial

claises, which describe how, why, when, and

wehre the action takes place.

Conjunctions that require the subjunctive

A menos que Unless

Antes (de) que Before

Con tal (de) que

Provided that

CONJUNCTIONS

• With these conjunctions, use the subjunctive in the subordinate

clause if the main clause expresses a

future action or command.

Conjunctions used with the subjunctive or

indicative

Cuando When

En cuento As soon as

Hasta que Until

Tan pronto como

As soon as