2nd Semester Grammar Book

Selena Pollack

Period 5

Table of Contents:1. Conditional + Irregulars2. Perfect Tenses -Present -Past -Present Perfect Irregulars -Subjunctive Perfect3. Tan y Tanto4. Impersonal “se”5. Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandatos7. Los Mandatos -Informal vs. Formal: *Affirmative, *Negative, -Irregulars 8. DOP and IOP placement9. Nosotros Commands y Mono Verbs10. Subjunctive y Irregulares11. Trigger Phrases: -Impersonal Expressions -Expressions of Emotions -Conjunctions of time12. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Conditional + Irregulars

Used to express probability, possibility, wonder, or conjecture Irregulars

include:

caberyo cabría

poneryo pondría

deciryo diría

haberyo habría

saliryo saldría

haceryo haríapoder

yo podría

teneryo tendría

quereryo querría

valeryo valdría

saberyo sabría

veniryo vendría

Usually translated as would, could, must have or probably

-ar, -er, -ir:iaiasia

iamosian

Perfect Tenses:

• Formed by combining an auxiliary or helping verb, “has” or “have”, with a past

participle. • The Perfect Tense is mostly used with the

verb “haber”. • It is used to express a past event with a

present consequence, and it shows a completed action.

Present

In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the

auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.

Haber: -he-has-ha

-hemos-han

Example: I have eaten: He comido.You have eaten: Has comido.

He has eaten: Ha comido.We have eaten: Hemos comido.They have eaten: Han comido.

Past The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle. Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

Past Haber: había habías había habíamos habían

(yo) Había vivido.I had lived.(tú) Habías vivido.You had lived.(él) Había vivido.He had lived.(nosotros) Habíamos vivido.We had lived.(vosotros) Habíais vivido.You-all had lived.(ellos) Habían vivido.They had lived.

Past

Present Perfect Irregulars: • Some Present Perfect Irregulars include:

Decir -> DechoHacer -> Hecho

Ver -> VistoEscribir -> EscritoPoner -> PuestoRomper -> RotoVolver -> Vuelto

Devolver -> DevueltoMorir -> MuertoAbrir -> Abierto

Cubrir -> Cubierto

Subjunctive Perfect

• Subjunctive Perfect is a compound verb formed with the subjunctive of the auxillary verb haber plus the past participle of the main verb.

• The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used: to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms.

• Yo -Haya• Tu -Hayas• El/Ella/Usted -Haya• Nosotros -Hayamos• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -Hayan

Tan y Tanto

• To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use..

tan + adjective (adverb) + como• To form comparisons of equality with nouns, use.. tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + comoExamples: - El chico es tan alto como la chica. - Tiene tantos libros como ella.

Impersonal “Se”• When using “se”, you avoid being specific about a topic. It can

be used in all tenses and is always used in the third person singular, followed by a direct object.

• Ex: Se necesita que la gente proteja la Tierra.• Se dice que va a llover mañana.

• Se habla español aquí.

SE + THIRD PERSON SINGULAR

SABER:

CONOCER:

VS.

To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information

about something, use "saber." EX: Juan sabe donde está María. Juan knows where Maria is.-To express knowledge or ignorance of a skill, or how to do

something, use saber + infinitive.

To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a

place, or an object, use conocer.

EX: Yo no conozco a María. \ I don't know (am not acquainted with) Maria.

To express knowledge or ignorance of a subject or

learning discipline, use saber or conocer, depending upon

the context..

Informal Commands:

• For Affirmative “tu” Commands, - Start in tu form of verb - Drop the “s” -Irregulars include: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven

• For Negative “tu” Commands, - Start in YO form of the verb - Change to opposite vowel ending - add an “s” - Irregulars include: TVDISHES

Formal Commands• For Formal Affirmative commands:

- Start in YO form of verb -Change to opposite vowel ending -For ustedes, and an “n” to the end of the verb. - Irregulars include: TVDISHES, dar-de, estar-este, ir-vaya, ser-sea, saber-sepa.

• For Formal Negative Commands: - Start in YO form of verb - Change to opposite vowel ending and add a “no” in front. - Same irregulars as affirmative and same rule for Ustedes.

Irregulars:

• Decir: di• Hacer: haz• Ir: ve• Poner: pon • Salir: sal• Ser: Se• Tener: ten• Venir: ven

`

DOP and IOP Placement:

• Affirmative Commands and DOP: Attached to end of verb and needs an accent over first syllable. Example: Compralas.

• Negative Commands and DOP: DOP is placed in front of the verb and there is no accent. Use: me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las

‘

IOP Placement:

• Affirmative IOP Placement: IOP goes after the verb. Example: Comprelo me.

•Negative IOP’s go before the verb. Example: Me no lo compre.

Nosotros Commands• Nosotros commands are used when the speaker is

included, and are used to express the idea "let's + verb." To form these commands, use the nosotros form of the present subjunctive. EX: Comamos allí. Let's eat there.

• To form the negative command, place the word no before the same verb form (present subjunctive). EX: No comamos allí. Lets not eat there.

• Start with the nosotros ending, then the opposite nosotros ending is used.

• Irregulars are TVDISHES

Mono Verbs

• With affirmative commands in nosotros form, the final "s" of the verb form is dropped before adding the pronouns "nos" or "se”.

Example: Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos.Let's sit down.

Subjunctive

1. Start with the present “yo” form of the verb. 2. Take off the “o” at the end3. Add the opposite ending, similar to a formal command. - The Subjunctive is a mood, rather than a tense. The

subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.

Example: Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.

The Subjunctive is a mood, not a tense.

It is used to express moods towards attitudes,

events, and states- hypothtical or uncertain.

It is often used in Formal Usted Commands

and add the subjunctive ending.

drop the o...

To form the Subjunctive, put it in yo form...

Example: Comer: Coma, Comas, Coma, Comamos,

Coman

Hablar: Hable, Hables, Hable, Habemos, Hablen

TV DISHES- IRREGULARS!

El Subjuntivo

Used in sentences with

a main and subordinate

clause.

QUE signifies subjunctive

Subjunctive IrregularesDar Haber Estar Ir Saber Ser dédesdédemosdeisden

hayahayashayahayamoshayáishayan

estéestésestéestemosestéisestén

vayavayasvayavayamosvayáisvayan

sepasepassepasepamossepáissepan

seaseasseaseamosseáissean

Triggers

• A menos que• Cuanto

• En el futuro• Proximo

• El proximoano• Manana

~

Subjuntive with Emotional Expressions

Subjunctive is repuired in main clause when

expressing hope, fear, pity, surprise, and joy.

Infinitive is used after an expression of emotion

when there is no change in subject from the main to subordínate clause.

Ojala (que) + subjunctive. Que is optionalTemo llegar tarde

EX. Nos alegramos de que te gusten las flores

Alegrarsede

Sorprender

Esperar Sentir

Temer

Es triste Ojala que

Impersonal Expressions

es evidente que ...

it is certain that ...

es fácil que ... it's likely that ...

es verdad que ... it's true that ...

conviene que ... it is advisable

that ...

es incierto que ... it's uncertain that ...

es importante que ... it's important that ...

es difícil que ... it's unlikely that ...

es fantástico que ... it's

fantastic that ...

Conjunctions of Time

Examples:

• a poco de que• antes de que

• cada vez • después de • en tanto que

• hasta que• mientras que • siempre que

These are examples of conjunctions most often used in the subjunctive tense. Also are used in the indicitive mood and past tense.

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

• Demonstrative adjectives describe the noun and the pronouns take the place of the noun. *the words "this" and "that" can function as both adjectives and pronouns.

Demonstartives Adjectives: este libro (this book)estos libros (these books)esta pluma (this pen)estas plumas (these pens)ese libro (that book)esos libros (those books)esa pluma (that pen)esas plumas (those pens)aquel libro (that book over there)aquellos libros (those books over there)aquella pluma (that pen over there)aquellas plumas (those pens over there)

Demonstrative Pronouns: este (this one - masculine)estos (these ones - masculine)esta (this one - feminine)estas (these ones - feminine)ese (that one - masculine)esos (those ones - masculine)esa (that one - feminine)esas (those ones - feminine)aquel (that one over there - masc.)aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)aquella (that one over there - fem.)aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)