HAIR SHAMPOOS

Definition A liquid or cream preparation of soap or

detergent to wash the hair . OR Liquid soap for washing HAIR to remove the

dirt,used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair.

INTRODUCTION • The word shampoo in English is derived from

Hindustani chāmpo.• Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30

ingredients. • Several types of ingredients are particularly

important, including “Surfactants" that aid in cleansing and lathering.

• “Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that affect the hair and scalp.

• “Additives" that stabilize the product.

Ideal Properties• To make the hair smooth and shiny.• Produce good amount of Foam.• Should not cause irritation to scalp,skin and

eye.• Should completely,effectively remove dirt.• Impart pleasant fragrance to hair.

Functions of ShampooIT SHOULD• Effectively and completely remove dirt (or)

soil.• Effectively wash the Hair.• Produce a good amount of Foam to satisfy the

User.• Be readily removed by rinsing with water.• Impart a pleasant fragrance to the Hair.• Not have any side effects (or) causes irritation

to the skin and eye.

Classification

I. Based on Appearance: Powder Shampoos Liquid Shampoos or Lotion Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream Cream Shampoos Oil Shampoos Miscellaneous-anti dandruff,

medicated shampoo

II.Based on Use or Function: Conditioning Shamoops Antidandruff Therapeutic Baby Balancing ClarifyingIII.Based on Origin: Herbal Egg

Action

All Shampoos contain Surfactants.Surfactant molecule has two parts—Hydrophilic head

Hydrophobic tail.At high concentration they form Miscelle.When Shamooping,Anionic surfactants

containing hydrophobic tailgets adsorbed to grease or dirt of hair.

Thus, these dirt are removed by further rinsing.

Raw Materials: a) Water: This is the main ingredient in all shampoo

recipes, comprising about 60-80% of the solution, inexpensive , it aids in diluting the cleaning agents, thereby reducing irritation, and makes the shampoo formula easier to spread on the hair and scalp.

b)Surfactants: Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension between two liquids. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.

c)Foam Boosters and Stabilizers: Used to increase Foam forming tendency. Eg: Coco Diethanolamide-used as foam booster and viscosity builder.

d)Opacifiers: A chemical agent added to a material, such as rocket propellant, to make it opaque(not transparent or not allowing light to pass through).

Eg:Spermaceti.e)Clarifying Agents: To make clear by removing

impurities or solid matter, as by heating gently or filtering.

Eg:Ethanol,proponol.f)Anti-dandruff Agents: Removal of dandruff

from scalp of hair. Eg:Selenium,Salicylic acid.

g)Conditioning Agents: To offset the effects of surfactants, most shampoo recipes include conditioners to help smooth, soften and reduce brittleness.

Eg:Lanolin,Glycerol,Propylene glycol.h)Thickening Agents: or Viscosity Builders. What

this basically means is – how to make shampoo thick and creamy,include salts and gums.Gums improve viscosity because of their gel-like properties.

Eg:Tragacanth gum,carboxy methyl cellulose.

i)Sequestering Agents: Used to prevent precipitation of insoluble calcium,magnesium salts in hard water.

Eg:EDTAj)Perfumes: Shampoos include perfumes and

pigments most are highly concentrated and used sparingly.

Eg :fruit fragrancek)Colors: Used to impart color, different colors are

used. Eg:Strawberry.g: methylparaben.

L)Preservatives: Shampoo formula containing water has the potential to be contaminated by pathogens. For this reason it is essential to include preservatives among shampoo ingredients, to prevent the growth of molds.Preservatives usually comprise only 0.1 – 0.5% of the formulation.

Quality Control Testsa)Foam Stability: Cylinder shake method was

used for determining foaming ability. 50ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and cover the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated. Foam should retain for atleast 5mins.

Foam Stability = V2-V1

b)Dirt Dispersion: Put two drops of shampoo in a large test tube 10ml dirt water and one drop of Indian Ink.

Close the Test tube and shake for 5min. Estimate the amount of Ink in the foam. The dirt should stay in water portion.

c)Wetting Action: Canvas disk is used, is one inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a solution and the time required for it to sink is measured accurately.

d)Viscosity: Is determined using Brookefield Viscometer.

100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then reading is taken.

e)pH: Mix 1gram of shampoo with 9ml of water and determine the pH using pH meter at 27 degrees Celsius.

f)Determination of Non-Volatile alcohol soluble matter: It is determined by calculating the chloride content.

• Take 10grams of sample in beaker,evaporate to dryness on steam bath, digest with 50ml of 95%ethanol.

• it on steam bath for 2min.Filter the ethanolic solution through glass filtered funnel which is fitted to Buchner’s flask to which suction pump is applied.

• Wash the beakers 5times with 30%of hot ethanol and transfer to funnel.

• Transfer entire filter in the Buchner’s flask to wide mouthed flat bottomed flask.

• flask in oven at temperature of 100degrees Celsius till constant mass is obtained.

• Dissolve residue in 50ml water two drops of Methyl orange indicator, if solution is yellow in color then neutralize with dilute nitric acid to get pink color.

• Finally titrate with silver nitrate using Potassium chromate indicator. Carryout BLANK also.Chloride content in Shampoo(x)=V*0.584/100%non volatile alcohol soluble matter=x/wt.of sample*100

g)Determination of free Alkali: Done by two methods.

I. Ethanol method: Weigh 2 to 10grams of sample, digest with 200ml boiled ethanol on steam bath to mix well and filter it.

Wash the beaker several times with hot ethanol, heat filterate for few min two drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with Sulphuric acid or Hydrochloric acid.

II.Barium chloride method: 10grams of sample 100ml ethanol,Reflux for 15min. Shake frequently at 5min interval 5ml

Barium chloride to remove any traces of carbonates.

Stop Reflux and allow to cool few drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with Sulphuric acid.

= 4.71*V*N W

h)Microbial Assay: Evaluation of preservative activity.I.Preparation of Pre-innoculum: Take a loopful culture of S.aureus

aseptically,transfer and sterilise. Cooled 100ml Soya bean Casien digestive medium

mix and Incubate at 37degress celsius for 24hours.II.Preparation of Pour plates: Sterilised Soya bean Casien digest agar 100ml ,

cooled to 40degress,mix with 5ml of 24hours old pre-innoculated culture.

Immediately pour in plates,allow to set .

Making WELLS on agar plates: Wells are dug on agar plates,take 100ml of

sample. Add to well aseptically ,incubate at 37degress

for 24 to 48hours. Observe Zone of Inhibition.

i)Skin – irritation Test: Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique is

used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits. A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.Shampoos should be tested only for a short duration

thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as these products come in contact with skin only for a short duration.

These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8 to 10%.

These patches are then removed and the skin sites are scored for the changes on the surface of the skin like Oedema,erythma formation.The products are then classified as----mild irritant,moderate and severe.

Skin Sensitisation Test: Test on GUNIEA pig. Eye-Irritancy Test: On the basis of ability to

cause injury to Cornea, Iris, Conjunctiva when the substances is appiled to EYE.

The test is carriedout on Adult Albino Rabbits.Occular reactions are read which unaides Eye.Readings are made 24,48,72hours at 4 and 7

days after treatment (or)as long as injury persists.

Any preparation is called an Eye Irritant which shows Corneal and Iris lesions which persists even after 7days.

Reference: www.wikipedia.com www.thefreedictionary.com/shampoo dictionary.reference.com/browse/shampoo PP Sharma