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Over centuries, hundreds of thousands of historical sources that contain information on the Viennese Danube river landscape have been stored in various archives. This unique wealth of historical material provides an excellent basis for the in-depth GIS reconstruction of Vienna’s topography over the past 500 years. However, the numerous – partly contradictory – sources must be critically assessed, making an authoritative reconstruction even more complicated. This paper describes the different types of historical sources used for the GIS-based reconstruction, the underlying methodological approach and its limitations regarding reliability and information value. The reconstruction was based on three cornerstones: (1) the available historical sources; (2) knowledge about morphological processes typical for the Austrian Danube prior to regulation; and (3) the interpretation of past hydraulic measures with respect to their effectiveness and their impact on the river’s behaviour. The current state of the Viennese river landscape served as a starting point for the GIS work; from there, ten historical states were reconstructed step-by-step going backwards in time to the least well-known situation in the early 16th century. After one reconstruction had been completed, its relevance for the temporally younger situations was evaluated. Such a regressive-iterative approach allows for permanent critical revision of the reconstructed time segments already processed. The resulting maps of the Danube floodplain from 1529 to 2010 provide a solid basis for interpreting the environmental conditions for Vienna’s urban development. They also help to localise certain riverine and urban landmarks (such as river arms or bridges) relevant for the history of Vienna. We conclude that the diversity of approaches and findings of the historical and natural sciences (river morphology, hydrology) provide key synergies.
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University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 1
Two steps back, one step forward: Reconstructing the dynamic Danube riverscape under human influence in Vienna Severin Hohensinner 8th Water History Conference International Water History Association Montpellier, June 25-29, 2013
Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG) University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) & Centre for Environmental History Vienna (ZUG)
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 2
Contents
Integration of historical information into the GIS reconstruction (examples from 16th century)
Using historical landmarks and data on bridges
Georeferencing historical maps and plans
Regressive-iterative reconstruction method (GIS)
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 3
Nußdorf
2010 Current situation
City
B. Lager & S. Hohensinner (2012)
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner
Austrian Science Fund Project „ENVIEDAN“, Grant No. P22265-G18
Project leader: Verena Winiwarter ZUG – Centre for Environmental History Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt
ENVIEDAN – „Envirionmental History of the Viennese Danube 1500–1890“
B. Lager & S. Hohensinner (2012)
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 5
Historical sources
Ostendorfer & Formschneider (1539): Heerschau 1532
Reconstructing the dynamic riverscape Main components
Fluvial forms & processes
Hydraulic constructions
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 6
Integration of historical sources into the reconstruction: Niclas Meldeman (1530) – Landmarks in 1529
City wall/towers „Schlagbrücke“
„Taborbrücke“
„Nußdorf“
?
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 7
Accreting bank
Cut banks in older
river terrace Backwater
? Cut bank
Integration of historical sources into the reconstruction: Niclas Meldeman (1530) – Fluvial structures in 1529
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 8
Short bridge
„Schlagbrücke“
„Taborbrücke“
„Nußdorf“
?
„Wolfsbrücke“ W. Schmeltzl
Distance in 1547/48:
ca. 3900 – 4000 m
Integration of historical sources into the reconstruction: C. Stainhofer & H. Mayr (1566) – Landmarks in 1563
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 9
Useful landmarks: Archaeological
findings of bridge remains
Historical descriptions: lenghts & locations of bridges
Wolfgang Schmeltzl (1548)
Distance in 1547/48: c. 3900 – 4000 m
„Schlagbrücke“
„Nußdorf“
Reconstructing the dynamic riverscape
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 10
Useful landmarks: Historical property
borders (location, dating) Administrative/
jurisdiction borders (“Burgfriedsgrenze”) Dating / location of
boundary markers
(Source: Opll et al., 1984)
Reconstructing the dynamic riverscape
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 11
Overlay map: L. Anguissola & J.J. Marinoni 1704/06
Octavio Waldegara (1577) Longitudinal section through „Untere Werd“
O. Waldegara (1577)
„Schlagbrücke“
„Taborbrücke“ 1704
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 12
Overlay map: L. Anguissola & J.J. Marinoni 1704/06
Base map: Reconstruction 1570
Octavio Waldegara (1577) Longitudinal section through „Untere Werd“
O. Waldegara (1577)
„Schlagbrücke“
„Taborbrücke“ „Augarten park“
1704
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 13
lengths of bridges: => measure for flow capacity of river channels
bridge length = bankfull width of channel = ca. 1-year flood at Danube in Vienna
Main bridges
Tabor bridge
Wolf bridge
Reconstructing the dynamic riverscape Using bridge lengths
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 14
Reconstructing the dynamic riverscape Locations of bridges
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 15
Using historical landmarks
Vienna c. 1570
Reconstructing the dynamic riverscape
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 16
Clausniez, T. (1601), Oesta/FHKA F 245
Nußdorf
Tabor arm
Reconstructing the dynamic riverscape Interpreting and georeferencing old maps
Historical cartographer mapped the Danube how they perceived the importance of the individual channels => not always correct in the geographical / topographical sense
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 17
Reconstructing the dynamic riverscape Georeferencing
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 18
Kreuzung • absolute Referenzpunkte
(langfristig stabil)
• relative Referenzpunkte (kurzfristig zw. zwei historischen Situationen)
Georeferencing historical maps
Clausniez, T. (1601), Oesta/FHKA F 245
Bridges & road in 1601
„Schwarze Lacke“
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 19
Reconstructing the dynamic riverscape Georeferencing
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 20
1. Georeferencing of scanned maps starting from the current situation => going backwards in time step by step
2. Vectorization (GIS) starting from the current situation => going backwards in time (regressive approach)
3. Revision (GIS) of vectorized younger time situations based on new information gained from the older time situations (iterative approach)
Regressive-iterative GIS-reconstruction From a point in time to a time series
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner
2010
1849
1726
Start
regressive: step by step
backwards in time
24.06.2013 21
Regressive-iterative GIS-reconstruction
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner
2010
1849
1726
Start
1632 regressive: step by step
backwards in time
iterative revision forwards in time
24.06.2013 22
Regressive-iterative GIS-reconstruction
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24.06.2013 23
Synthesis
Regressive-iterative reconstruction method enables: (1) a better evaluation of historical spatial information in respect of geographical positioning and of the content (2) a better identification of fluvial processes and human interferences
Integration of river morphological considerations enables: (1) additional conclusions on historical riverscape transformation not shown by the sources (2) conclusions on potential consequences of hydraulic measures on fluvial dynamics
Reconstruction of the historical riverscape: true-to-life reconstruction can not be achieved => „best approximation“ of a historical state of the riverscape
University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere & Environment I Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management I Severin Hohensinner 24
Severin Hohensinner Institute of Hydrobiology & Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG) University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) & Centre for Environmental History Vienna (ZUG)
Austrian Science Fund Project „ENVIEDAN“ Project-No. P 22265-G18 Project leader: Verena Winiwarter, ZUG – Centre for Environmental History, Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt
Virtual flight to Vienna around 1570 A.D.
