ICT AND DISTANCE EDUCATION. THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Dimitrios Gkotzos, PhD Candidate, University of Crete, Greece

Eirini Vemmou, M.Sc. ICT in Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Aikaterini Vigkou, M.Sc. ICT in Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

INTRODUCTION

MAIN THEORETICAL APPROACHES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

ΑPPLICATION OF THEORIES IN THE DESIGNI OF A DISTANCE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT USING ICT.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

CONTENTS

ICT and distance education

MAIN THEORETICAL APPROACHES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Classification of Theories(Keegan,1986, Simonson, M et al. , 1999)

1) Independence and autonomy

theories

2) Theory of industrialization of

teaching

3) Interaction and communication

theories

Theories of independence and autonomy. American Theory of Independent Study - Theory of

Independent Studies of C. Wedemeyer (1981).Features of the independent study systems:

1. Teacher and student are in different places.

2. Teaching and learning processes are carried out in writing or through some other medium.

3. Teaching is individualized.

4. Learning occurs through student’s activity.

5. Learning becomes convenient for the student, when it takes places in the student’s own environment.

6. The learner takes responsibility for the pace of learning, with freedom to start and stop at any time .

European Theory of Independent Study: M. Moore’s Theory of Independent Study.

( Moore,1970)

distance

Provision for two-way communication (dialog)

The extent to which a program is responsive to the needs of the individual learner

autonomy

In goal setting

In study methods

In evaluation

The theory of the industrialization of teaching

(Οtto Peters, 1971, Keegan 1994, Naik, 2004 , Sclosser & Simonson 2006, Simonson et al, 1999 )

Assembly line Rationalization

Division of labor Mechanization

Mass production Planning

Preparatory work Organization

Scientific control

methods

Objectification

Change of function

Standardization

Formalization

Industrial production / Distance education

The theory of the industrialization of teaching (Οtto Peters 1971, Simonson et al 1999)

Emphasis is given to:

Stage of development

Planning and organizing courses

Standardization of the course and expectations of learners

Differentiating the role of distance

educatorsLow financial cost Division of labor

The theory of interaction and communication(Garcia Aretio 1986, Fernandez Brenes Espinoza, Holmberg)

a personal trainer- trainee relationship

enhances students

motivation

help achieve the objectives

of learning

Friendly conversation Personal relationship demanding, difficult

course

Messages in the form of dialogue

are easier to understand

The theory of interaction and communication(Garcia Aretio 1986, Fernandez Brenes Espinoza, Holmberg)

messages of a guided didactic conversation

the learners feel that they contribute

personally to the structure

the real of designers in the issue of

learning

greater interest in participation

personal relationship with the designers / personal participation in the

matter of the course

greater motivation/ efficient learning

The equivalency theory

Distance learning

Face – to – face teaching

The experience of students

Application of theories in designing a distance learning environment using ICT

Behaviorism (Ally, 2008; Mishra & Jain, 2002; Bigus, 2004)

Organization of learning material

Evaluation of learners and providing feedback

Emphasis on the expectations of learners

Clear statement of "behavioral" objectives

self-assessment of learners

Take place with a view to

promote learning

Based in division into smaller units

Cognitive Theory(Ally, 2008; Lara, 2001; Bigus, 2004)

Using learning strategies that promote transfer of

information /stimuli in working memory• The geometric proper placement of information on the

screen• Difficulty level of material: student knowledge level• Focus on the essential stimuli• Focus on "critical" information

Evaluation of students and providing feedback

Cognitive Theory (Ally, 2008; Lara, 2001; Bigus, 2004)

Use learning strategies to promote the recovery of an old information from long-term memory

• Using pre-organizers • Use of preliminary questions

Using learning strategies that promote information processing in working memory

transfer information into long-term memory• Using multiple forms of representation of information• Emphasis on analysis, synthesis, application

Cognitive Theory (Ally, 2008; Lara, 2001; Bigus, 2004)

Learning strategies promote the use of metacognitive skills

Providing learning incentives for students

Promote the application of knowledge to real-life situations

Constructivism

Active Role of learners Acquisition of knowledge: process of personal

interpretation & processing of sensory information

Αlly (2008)

Constuctivism Cognitive Theories

Transformative learning theory of Mezirow

Conceptual Communication Conditions Commit process Student Self-

ImageLearning Situation

Learning Contexts

Involvement of the learners into the research

Provide support

Facilitate interaction and cooperation

Emphasis on the presentation

Transfer of knowledge into other contexts

Encourage cooperative, collaborative learning

Knowledge construction of the learners

Control allocation of the learning process

Learning which makes sense for the learners

Pedagogical objectives that should met in a constructive learning environment

(Αlly 2008, Duffy & Kirkley, 2004,)

Theory of ConversationPask (1975), Borrás (1997) , Luis Rodolfo Lara (2001), Vygotsky (1981)

interaction

Theory of Conversation

conversations learning

zone of proximal development

Social Negotiation

Cooperative Work

Critical Reflection

Self evaluation

Scripting

Microcosm

Community

Theory of ConversationPask (1975), Borrás (1997) , Luis Rodolfo Lara (2001), Vygotsky (1981)

Theory of Conversation

Constructivism

Cognitive Theory

Theory of Hyperpersonal Communication

Forerunner the theory of social information processing

(Walther, 1992).

Onl ine Communicat ion

(J. Walther,1996) J. Walther

Online communication

Face to face

communication

Theory of Hyperpersonal

Communication

Online communication

Face to face communication

strong involvement

strong relations

Great intimacy

Theory of Hyperpersonal Communication J. Walther

Asychronous learning

Text based means of communication

Strategies:A) highlight the groupB) support the expectation of future interactions

Sociocultural TheoryCólas Bravo (2006), Pablos, Rebollo and Lebres (1999), Vygotsky (1981), Wersch (1993)

teaching aids social

creative

3 TYPES OF LEARNING

internalisation privilege

selection and use of

appropriate tools

appropriation

“Make something appropriate.”

possession

use of tools in different sectors

various situations

cultural tools

are translated to

transformation

-Lack of a single theory.

-Theoretical approaches from various fields.

-Effect on design / implementation of distance education using ICT.

THESIS:

flexible combination of theories

Conclusions - Summary

Thank you

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