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Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on ‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi. The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
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IFPRI
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Suresh C. Babu
and
Pramod K. Joshi
Reinventing Agricultural Extension
Systems in India: Critical Issues and
Options
IGIDR-IFPRI- ReSAKSS-Asia Conference on Harnessing Opportunities to
Improve Agri-Food Systems
July 24-25, 2014, NASC, New Delhi
IFPRI
Organization of Presentation
Broad Changing Scenario
Current Status
Issues and Challenges
Options for Discussions
IFPRI
Changing Extension Scenario
Extension reforms and investment
High value agriculture
Productivity gains needed
Environment and sustainability
Role of private sectors and NGOs
Funding scenario
State / Center relations
IFPRI
Issues in Extension and Advisory
Services
Broad Changes
1980s Traditional GR T&V
1990s T&V - lessons
2000s -- 2010 ATMA New
Revised – 2014 Future of Extension
and Advisory Services
IFPRI
Spectrum of Extension and Advisory Services
FarmersState Dept of Ag
ICAR: SAU, Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Mass media – TV, Radio, Newspapers,
Mobile phones
NGOs and civil society
Private sector e.g. input dealers,
agriclinics
Other farmers
IFPRI
What issues addressed?
Common issues to all countries – how to increase
the efficiency, effectiveness, sustainability of the
extension systems
What factors contribute to the improved efficiency
of the extension systems?
What factors contribute the effectiveness of the
extension systems?
What are the institutional innovations observed in
the current extension system?
What opportunities exists to improve the system
efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability?
Page 6
IFPRI
What issues addressed so far?
What factors improve the structure,
conduct and performance of the
extension systems?
What are the current policies that
make the delivery system inefficient,
ineffective and unsustainable?
What policy processes are needed to
achieve the expected policy outcomes?
What are the knowledge gaps?
Page 7
IFPRI
What is the emerging Analytical
Framework?
Broad political, macroeconomic framework for
economic growth objectives
Nature of the country context; geography, size of agricultural economy,
agricultural transformation goals
Agro ecology cropping patterns, natural
resource constraints,
Country Specific extension program
Interventions
Policy, institutional and market interventions needed to increase productivity and
sustainability
Reforms needed for Increase the Technology
change
Analysis of extension program
interventions
Analysis of Changes at the
farm, market and institutional levels
Analysis of extension
programs for Farm level impact
Page 8
IFPRI
Where do farmers get their
info?
% farmers for each info source (NSSO, 2005)Not accessed any source
Other progressive farmers
Input dealer
Radio
TV
Newspaper
Extension worker
KVK
Private agency/NGO
IFPRI
IFPRI
Public sector MAIN extension arm in
IndiaState Department of Agriculture
Present in all states, up to Block, Panchayat
Staff numbers low; weak research link; top-down, linear
Perform non-extension duties & implement schemes
ICAR – Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Present in all districts, multi-disciplinary team
Linear; staff low; partnerships/linkage rare; local coverage
ICAR –State Agricultural University
Lab to land, frontline extension in few adopted villages or near
location = farmer reach limited
Info rarely reflects local needs = centralised agendas
Weak partnerships and links in ICAR and also with Dept of Ag
IFPRI
Innovations in public sector extension - the
10th and 11th 5 year plans
Support to State Extension Programs
for Extension Reforms (SSEPER) =
Agricultural Technology Management
Agency (ATMA)
Agriclinics and Agribusiness scheme
Kisan Call Centres
Soil Testing Programs
IFPRI
Timeline of ATMA
NATP pilot (1998-2004)
» Market driven, integrate and converge institutions,
farmer group approach
GoI national implementation (2005-2010)
» Rely on state dept of ag – another scheme to
implement
GoI revision 2010
» Exclusive ATMA staff
» Contact farmer approach – farmer friend
IFPRI
FU
ND
FLO
W
WO
RK
PLA
N
SAMETI &
SAU/ICAR institutes
District Training
centers, KVK, & ZRS
Agri-entrepreneurs
DAC, MoA, GoI
State-level Sanctioning Committee (SLSC)
Interdepartmental Working Group (IDWG)
State nodal cell
ATMA (GB & MC)
Block ATMA
cell
Farmer Friend
CIGs, FIGs, FARMERS
State farmers advisory
committee
District farmers
advisory committee
Block technology
team
Block farmers
advisory committee
Farm schools
New revisions to ATMA
June 2010
-Farmer Friend for
every 2 villages
-District/State FAC
IFPRI
Hierarchical structure of officials in new
ATMA
Tamil Nadu no staff hired
Bihar
-hired SMS for every two
panchayats and increased salary
(not exclusive for ATMA)
- no BTM
- farmer advisor
for each panchayat
How will FF link to FAC at block?
IFPRI
State experiences – Tamil Nadu
More extension activities + diversified, funding
easier
Still activities mostly in Dept of Ag, holistic?
Line dept and KVK low attendance to meets,
attend district > block level meetings
Meetings not monthly (staff over burdened)
District level activities >= block level activities
Farmer group formation low, sustaining difficult
Work with contact farmers of Dept of Ag, political
ATMA not autonomous, not independent
IFPRI
State experiences - Bihar
ATMA funding mechanism good/easy and implemented
Added exclusive district staff state funding 2007
(PD, DPD, office assistant, accountant)
Dovetail with Dept of Ag
Activities production focus, tech dissemination
state/district activity > block activity e.g. SRI=state
FAC = farmers appreciate platform to share probs but
mostly specific problems not addressed
Block ag officer overburdened – FAC/BTT not meeting
monthly
ATMA not autonomous, separate institution
IFPRI
How does each state adapt ATMA to suit their needs?
Can centre support flexible adaptation of model by states,
where key processes/principles still present?
And how does this influence what ATMA is and does?
What is delivered by ATMA? Largely still production oriented,
can it move towards market driven?
What Impact it can have on farmer livelihoods?
And has now?
Critical Questions?
IFPRI
Issues for Extension Policy Options
A fuller understanding of the historical trends, and enabling environment
and the policy process
An evaluation of the outcomes and success of the reformed agricultural
extension system
An assessment of the reform process, from policy to program, and from
program to action that identifies all actors and players
An assessment of the necessary and sufficient conditions to improve the
relevance, effectiveness, and operational sustainability of the extension
system
An analysis of the factors affecting extension policy reforms and the needed
refinements
Page 19
IFPRI
Thank you