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Aim: Why was the Industrial Revolution considered a Turning Point in History? DO NOW: What is a “Turning Point”?

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Aim: Why was the

Industrial Revolution

considered a Turning

Point in History?

DO NOW: What is a “Turning Point”?

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Why should we care?

http://youtu.be/5oTCA9V3eNs

http://youtu.be/QgYbUmBxpPUUP to $22.00per

pound

$3 to $7 per

pound

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How goods were made

before the Industrial

Revolution

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The Putting Out System - “Cottage Industry”

Domestic System1600s-early 1700s, cloth was made by the domestic system.Most of the work was done in the cottages of the workers.Whole families worked together.

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Merchants delivered raw wool and cotton to the cottages. The workers used hand-powered spinning wheels and looms. They would spin the thread and weave wool and cotton cloth. This was all done at home mainly by Mothers and their daughters. The merchant would then pick up the finished cloth to sell. The domestic system could not keep up with the demand for cloth. This forced the creation of large factories to supply the huge demand for manufactured (factory-made) cloth.

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Every great town has one or more slum areas into which the working classes are packed. Sometimes, of course,

poverty is to be found hidden away in alleys close to the stately homes of the wealthy. Generally, however, the

workers are segregated in separate districts where they struggle through life as best they can out of sight of the

more fortunate classes of society. The slums of the English towns have much in common—the worst houses in a

town being found in the worst districts. They are generally unplanned wildernesses of one- or two-storied terrace

houses built of brick. Wherever possible these have cellars which are also used as dwellings. These little houses

of three or four rooms and a kitchen are called cottages, and throughout England, except for some parts of

London, are where the working classes normally live. The streets themselves are usually unpaved and full of

holes. They are filthy and strewn with animal and vegetable refuse. Since they have neither gutters nor drains the

refuse accumulates in

stagnant, stinking puddles. Ventilation in the slums is inadequate owing to the hopelessly unplanned nature of

these areas. A great many people live huddled together in a very small area, and so it is easy to imagine the

nature of the air in these workers’ quarters. However, in fine weather the streets are used for the drying of

washing and clothes lines are stretched across the streets from house to house and wet garments are hung out

on them. . . .

Source: Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, W. O. Henderson and W. H. Chaloner, eds., Stanford University Press

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The Rate of Industrial Growth in Five

Selected Countries

Industrial Production

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Percentage of World

Industrial Production in 1913

(Five European Countries)

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UK

France Germany Russia Italy

1781-90 3.8 10.9 - - -

1801-14 7.1 12.3 - - -

1825-34 18.8 21.5 - - -

1845-54 27.5 33.7 11.7 - -

1865-74 49.2 49.8 24.2 13.5 42.9

1885-94 70.5 68.2 45.3 38.7 54.6

1905-13 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

% of world

industrial

production in

1913

14.0 6.4 17.7 5.52.7

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The Factories"You know the scene: the great oblong ugly factory, in five or six tiers (levels), all windows, alive with lights on a dark winter's morning, and again with the same lights in the evening; and all day within, the thump and scream of the machinery, and the thick smell of hot oil and cotton fluff and outside the sad smoke-laden sky, and rows of dingy streets and tall chimneys belching dirt, and the same, same outlook for miles."~ Edward Carpenter, Towards Democracy, p.452

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“...due to the large number of skilled and unskilled people who

were looking for work during the period of rapid urbanization

were actually facing the problem of low pay which barely above

the subsistence level, long working hours, housing shortage, poor

sanitary conditions, poverty, overcrowding and poor medical

environment has plagued the poor.”

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The Victorian era became notorious for the employment of

young children in factories and mines. Child labor has played an

important role during the industrial revolution. Due to the poor

schooling opportunities, most of the poor children as young as 5

or 6 years old were put to work and generally died before the age

of 25. Orphans were often subjected to this slave-like labor.

Children would often work in dangerous jobs for low wages, such

as working in the factory with large, heavy machines, and with

long working hours. They worked up to 19 hours a day, with only

one hour as total break. The owner of the factory justified their

payroll by providing orphans food, shelter and clothing.

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What kinds of lives to you think these children

had? Describe/ Explain.

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Iron, Coal, and SteelTo build machine parts, iron was needed.To power steam engines, coal was needed.In the 1700s, ironmaking became expensive. Charcoal was used to smelt iron.

Charcoal is made by burning wood. England was running out of forests. 1753, a process of smelting iron with coal was found.Iron became cheaper to make. Iron production increased.Coal mining became a major industry.

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Why was the steam engine a valuable technological

development during the Industrial Revolution?

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The Steam Engine

Another one of the great inventions that came about

during the Industrial Revolution was the steam engine.

Both coal and iron were crucial during the Industrial

Revolution. Coal was used to power the steam engines

and to make iron. Iron was used to improve machines and

tools, and to also build bridges and ships. At the

time, most manufacturers used charcoal to smelt iron.

Abraham Darby developed "coke" to do this instead,

which was said to be not as strong as the charcoal that

they had been using.

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Thomas Savery built a steam pump in 1698. A few

years later, Thomas Newcomen built a steam engine.

When Watt and Boulton began selling engines in 1776,

steam had been around for seventy years and almost

Six hundred engines had been built.

Watt's first engines delivered about six horsepower,

little more than early Newcomen engines did. But

Watt's engines were smaller and he'd soon quadrupled

energy efficiency. By 1800 some Watt engines could

deliver as much power as your automobile engine.

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An industrial revolution is a fundamental economic change:

● between 1770 and 1850 the economy of England changed from mostly

agricultural to mostly industrial

● this was the result not of one key invention but of technological progress in

different fields coming together

● its center is the development of factories (which hadn't really existed before

this time), but they couldn't have developed without better transportation

creating larger markets and better transportation couldn't have existed

without the growth of the iron industry, which couldn't have grown without

steam engines

● society had a hard time adjusting to the new economic system