Integrated Science M2 Transport in plants

Integrated Science Module 2 Unit 4 Lesson 2BEGINBEGIN

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

1 – Review of Transport in Plants


2 - Transport routes in flowering plants


3 - The structure of xylem and phloem


4 - Transport via Xylem


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

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5 - Transport via Phloem



In this slide presentation, you will explore various aspects of how plants transport substances through their body.

This slide set relates to the following Integrated Science lesson:Mo dule 2 : Unit 4: Le s s o n 2 – Tra ns p o rt in Pla nts

You can access various subtopics in the Menu on the LEFT of each slide.

Fo r the a c tiv itie s , y o u will be a s ke d to typ e y o ur re s p o ns e s in bo x e s . To d o s o , y o u m us t be Slid e Sho w Vie w. Yo u c a n e nte r a nd d e le te te x t o nly in Slid e Sho w Vie w.

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OBJECTIVES

When you finish viewing these slides you will be able to:compare the structure and function of xylem and phloem.describe the arrangement of xylem and phloem tissues in plant stems and roots.explain how water and minerals move though a plant.define transpiration.state the factors affecting transpiration.describe how nutrients are transported in plants.

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Review of Transport in PlantsActiv ity 1 . 1

Before we explore this topic, let’s find out what you know about how water moves through plants. Type your responses to the questions below.

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Click for feedbackClick for feedback











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Review of Transport in Plants FEEDBACK: Ac tiv ity 1 . 1

Question 1: Through the roots.Question 2: Water leaves the plant mostly through its leaves.Question 3: Plants need a transport system because they are multi-cellular organisms and as such, they have a large volume compared to their smaller surface area. This means that diffusion cannot occur at sufficiently high rates to adequately supply needed materials to all cells or to remove unwanted substances. Question 4: Xylem transports water and minerals through the plant. Question 5: Other substances transported throughout the plant are oxygen, glucose, enzymes, mineral salts, carbon dioxide.

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Review of Transport in PlantsActivity 1 . 2 - Wha t ty p e s o f s ubs ta nc e s ne e d to be tra ns p o rte d a nd why?

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Gases: plants need to obtain oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, lipids, sucrose, mineral salts e.g. nitrates.Water: needed for photosynthesis and other metabolic activities.Waste substances: chemicals e.g. resins, gums to be taken to leaves, trunk to be stored before being excreted.











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2. The transport routes in flowering plants

Open link to remind yourself about plant parts: http://www.tekura.school.nz/departments/horticulture/ht109_p1.html

Multicellular flowering plants have developed a transport system called the vascular system.

It comprises vascular tissues called xylem and phloem.

Do you remember what a tissue is? Roll your mouse over the word “tissue” for the

answer.

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http://www.tekura.school.nz/departments/horticulture/ht109_p1.html











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2. The transport routes in flowering plants

The vascular tissues – xylem and phloem - are often found together in vascular bundles in various plant parts.

On the next slide (9), look at the location and arrangement of vascular tissues (red and blue on the diagram) in dicots.

Note how these vascular tissues form a continuous transport route from the roots, through the stem into the leaves.

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2. The transport routes in flowering plants Dis tributio n o f va s c ula r tis s ue s in a d ic o t p la nt

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Look at the location and arrangement of vascular tissues (red and blue on the diagram) in dicots. Note how these vascular tissues form a continuous transport route from the roots, through the stem into the leaves.











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2. The transport routes in flowering plants10

In leaves, vascular tissues are found in the midrib and veins.











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2. The transport routes in flowering plants T. S . thro ug h m id -rib o f a d ic o t le a f

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If you need more information on the layers, talk with your teacher.

Mesophyll layers

Vascular bundle(xylem & phloem) in the mid-rib











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2. Transport routes in flowering plantsIns id e the s te m (Le ft = Dic o t; Rig ht = Mo no c o t)

The dicot stem (Left) has an epidermis and cortex inside it.In the centre is the pith. ‘Strands’ of vascular bundles circle the stem between the pith and cortex.

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The monocot stem• Has an epidermis











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2. Transport routes in flowering plants Arra ng e m e nt o f va s c ula r tis s ue s in the s te m

Open the link below. On the left, in blue, is the Biocoach Contents. Click ‘Concept 9: Structure of Young Stems’ at > http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/structure.html?blah=&step=1

Click and do each of the following: Study Structure; Identify Structures; Study Tissues Identify Tissues

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http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/structure.html?blah=&step=1











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2. Transport routes in flowering plants Arra ng e m e nt o f va s c ula r tis s ue s in the s te m

Click open for vascular tissues in a young root http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/youngroot.html

Click to do ‘Study’ and then ‘Practice’ at the same site.

Now try ‘Concept 12: Monocot Stems and Roots’. Don’t forget to Click to check your answers when you finish!

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http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/youngroot.html











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2. Transport routes in flowering plants Va s cula r bundle s in s te m s

Compare the different arrangement of vascular bundles in dicot and monocot stems.

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2. Transport routes in flowering plants Va s cula r bundle s in s te m s

Look at the xylem and phloem tissues in a vascular bundle of a dicot stem, seen at - http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/herbstems.htm

The phloem is on the outer side of the vascular cambium, while xylem is on the inner side near the pith.

Did you notice the large spaces in the xylem? Those are the central spaces or lumen of xylem vessels!

If you’d like to compare the vascular bundle in a monocot stem, click -http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/monocotstem.htm

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http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/herbstems.htm

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/monocotstem.htm











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2. Transport routes in flowering plants Va s cula r bundle s in ro o ts

Click open this link to see a photomicrograph of the X.S. of a dicot root > http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/dicotroots.htm ( X.S of dicot root)

Note that the xylem ( stained red) and phloem are not bundled together; xylem forms a central cross or sometimes a star, with areas of phloem in between the xylem arms.

Now, Click open and compare the arrangement of vascular tissues in a monocot root at > http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/monoxsroot.jpg

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2. Transport routes in flowering plants Va s cula r bundle s in ro o ts

What did you notice about the arrangement of xylem and phloem in the monocot root?

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• The xylem and phloem are also in the centre of the monocot root, but do not form a cross shape.

• The phloem alternates with the xylem.












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3. The structure of xylem and phloemActiv ity 3 . 1

Click on the following link and read the information on ‘Concept 6: Vascular Tissues’, and look at the diagrams showing the structure of xylem and phloem elements.

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/vascular.html

State four features of xylem that play an important role in its function of transport.

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3. The structure of xylem and phloem Fe e dba c k to Ac tiv ity 3 . 1

I hope you said xylem:has a strengthening substance in its walls called lignin that prevents it from collapsing under the force of water.is hollow – it has nothing on the inside so is an excellent passageway from fluids.has no end walls (allows continuity between cells).is dead so will not expend any energy to move water.

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3. The structure of xylem and phloem Activ ity 3 . 2 -The s truc ture o f x y le m

1. List the types of cells found in xylem tissue.2. How are the components of xylem arranged to

allow a continuous flow of water and minerals?

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1. Xylem tissue is made of: Xylem vessels (vessel elements), fibres and parenchyma cells.

2. Xylem cells are arranged end to end to form a continuous column.












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3. The structure of xylem and phloem Activ ity 3 . 3 -The s truc ture o f phlo e m

1. List three types of cells found in phloem tissue.2. State any observed adaptations to the end wall

between two sieve tube cells.3. What does the presence of cytoplasm and nuclei in

phloem indicate about the tissue in comparison to xylem?

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3. The structure of xylem and phloem Fe e dba ck to Ac tiv ity 3 . 3 -The s truc ture o f phlo e m

Companion cells and parenchyma. It has a perforated “sieve plate”. Cytoplasm and nuclei are components of cells

that are alive, phloem tissue is therefore living whilst xylem is dead.

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Use the words below to label parts A-D. Type the name in the box.24

3. The structure of xylem and phloem Activ ity 3 . 4 – Xyle m a nd Phlo e m

companion cell sieve plate sieve tube xylem vessel


A. sieve tube

B. sieve plate

C. companion cell

D. xylem vessel











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3. The structure of xylem and phloem Fe e dba ck to Ac tiv ity 3 . 4 – Xyle m a nd Phlo e m

A. sieve tube

B. sieve plate

C. companion cell

D. xylem vessel











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3. The structure of xylem and phloem Activity 3 . 5 - Co m p a re x y le m a nd phlo e m

Ce lls ha ve no e nd wa lls be twe e n the m

End wa lls p re s e nt but p e rfo ra te d

XYLEM PHLOEM

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3. The structure of xylem and phloem Fe e dba ck to Ac tiv ity 3 . 5 - Co m p a re x y le m a nd phlo e m

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XYLEM PHLOEM

Ce lls ha ve no e nd wa lls be twe e n the m

End wa lls p re s e nt but p e rfo ra te d

Composed of vessels, tracheids, fibres

Composed of sieve tube, companion cells

Cell walls strengthened with lignin No lignin present in cell walls

Transports water and minerals Transports water & food (dissolved sugars)

One way flow (up the plant) Two-way flow (up and down the plant)

Cells dead (no cytoplasm or organelles)

Cells living











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4. How plants transport substances via the Xylem

You have already learnt that:water and minerals are absorbed from the soil and transported up to the leaves and other green parts of the plant.some of the water is used along with CO2 to make food (sugars) during photosynthesis. The sugars produced are transported from the leaves to other parts of the body.In this section of the lesson we will explore how water and minerals are transported in xylem, and how dissolved sugars are transported in phloem.

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4. Transport of water - via the Xylem

View the videos at the following links: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At1BJJDcXhk(Transpiration) Retrieved June 2012 http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=mc9gUm1mMzc&feature=related (Transpiration) Retrieved June 2012 STOP AT 1:00

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4. Transport of water - via the XylemActivity 4. 1 Ho w p la nts tra ns p o rt s ubs ta nc e s

There are four main processes named in the video that assist with the movement of water and minerals in xylem. What are they?

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1. Transpiration2. Cohesion3. Adhesion4. Root pressureNOTE: Adhesion and

Cohesion together constitute capillarity which allows water to move up narrow tubes!












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4. Transport of water - via the Xylem Activity 4. 2 - Tra ns p o rt o f wa te r

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Root pressure

Transpiration

Water changes from liquid to gas (evaporation)

Pulling effect from above.

Type your response in the box and click CHECK for feedback.

1. Of the four main processes, which contributes the least?

2. Which contributes the most?

3. What process causes transpiration to occur?

4. Does transpiration create a pulling or pushing effect?











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4. Transport of water - via the Xylem Activ ity 4. 1 - Tra ns p o rt o f wa te r

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Its ability to form Hydrogen bonds

They dissolve in water and are transported along with the water.

Osmosis

Type your response in the box and click CHECK for feedback.

5. What property of water molecules allows them to be able to “stick” to each other (cohesion) and to the walls of xylem (adhesion)?

6. How are minerals (solutes) transported in xylem?

7. What force causes water to enter the roots?











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4. Transport of water - via the Xylem Wha t c a us e s tra ns p ira tio n?

Transpiration is really what happens to the rest of the water that is not used in photosynthesis.

Water that is not used in photosynthesis in the leaf passes to the walls of mesophyll leaf cells and evaporates into the spaces around the cells (intercellular spaces).

Water then evaporates from the cell walls into the intercellular spaces until they are saturated with water molecules.

Next, water vapour from the intercellular spaces leaves the plant through the stomata, causing water to move through the plant to replace that lost. This effect continues backwards all the way to the roots.

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4. Transport of water - via the Xylem Ho w is tra ns p ira tio n m a inta ine d ?

The continuous upward pulling force is maintained by cohesion and adhesion.

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4. Transport of water - via the Xylem Wha t a ffe c ts tra ns p ira tio n ra te ?

Read the information at the following website:

http://wizznotes.com/biology/transport-in-plants/factors-affecting-transpiration (Factors Affecting Transpiration)

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4. Transport of water - via the Xylem Wha t a ffe c ts tra ns p ira tio n ra te ?

1. Watch the animation at this website http://education.uoit.ca/lordec/ID_LORDEC/transpiration_pull/ (Transpiration pull)

2. Click on “students” then “environmental factors”3. Click on the arrow at the bottom of the page to go

to page 2 of 2.4. Follow the instructions there to view how various

environmental factors affect transpiration rate.5. Click on the quiz button and answer the questions.

Make sure you check your answers!6. Share your score with your teacher.

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4. Transport of water - via the Xylem Wha t a ffe c ts Tra ns p ira tio n ra te ?

Click to see the animation at this website which summarizes the processes involved in plant uptake of water and minerals.

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/bio_09/resources/htmls/animated_biology/unit7/bio_ch21_0644_ab_material.html (Movement through a plant)

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4. Transport of water - via the Xylem Ro o t Pre s s ure

The sap in root hairs always has low water potential (less dilute) when compared to soil water.

Water enters root hairs by osmosis. Continuous osmosis creates a pressure forcing water a

short distance up the stem. This pressure called root pressure is not great enough

to account for movement up tall trees.

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5. How plants transport substances via the Phloem

Watch the two videos below which explain how sugars are moved into phloem in the leaves and transported to other parts of the plant.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-b6dvKgWBVY&feature=related (Sugar Transport: Pressure Flow Hypothesis)

NOTE: At 1:42- 1:43 the presenter refers to the movement of water from xylem to phloem as diffusion. When movement of molecules is specific to water and involves the crossing of membranes the process is called osmosis. For example, earlier you learnt that water enters root hairs from the soil by osmosis. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxwI63rQubU&feature=related (Phloem Loading, Retrieved June 2012.

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5. How plants transport substances via the PhloemActivity 5 . 1 - Ho w p la nts tra ns p o rt s ubs ta nc e s

After viewing the videos, answer the following. Type your response in the box provided.

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Check your answersCheck your answers

1. What is the name for dissolved sugars moving through phloem?

1. What is the name for dissolved sugars moving through phloem?

2. According to the pressure flow hypothesis, sugars move from areas called _______ to areas called ___________.

2. According to the pressure flow hypothesis, sugars move from areas called _______ to areas called ___________.

3. Energy is required for sugars to move into phloem. Can you recall which of the two main cells in phloem tissue would most likely provide this energy? HINT

3. Energy is required for sugars to move into phloem. Can you recall which of the two main cells in phloem tissue would most likely provide this energy? HINT

Answers -2 … sugars move from areas called sources to areas called sinks.

Answer -1: Translocation

Answer-3:Companion cell











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5. How plants transport substances via the PhloemActivity 5 . 1 - Ho w p la nts tra ns p o rt s ubs ta nc e s

After viewing the videos, answer the following. Type your response in the box provided.

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4. How does xylem tissue relate to phloem during the transport of sugars?

4. How does xylem tissue relate to phloem during the transport of sugars?

5. Explain why flow in phloem may be bi-directional.

5. Explain why flow in phloem may be bi-directional.

Answer-5: If sources are leaves, nutrients from leaves to other parts of the plant such as roots. However, in some cases, plant stems and roots can be sources (contain stored nutrients) which supply immature leaves which are now acting as sinks. So nutrients can flow from roots or stems to leaves also.

Answer-4: Water from xylem flow into phloem at sources to create a pressure which moves the contents of phloem to sinks. Water leaves the phloem at sinks and goes back into xylem.

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5. How plants transport substances via the PhloemFe e dba c k to Ac tiv ity 5 . 1 - Ho w p la nts tra ns p o rt s ubs ta nc e s

1. What is the scientific name for dissolved sugars moving through phloem? Translocation

2. According to the pressure flow hypothesis, sugars move from areas called sources to areas called sinks.

3. Energy is required for sugars to move into phloem. Can you recall which of the two main cells in phloem tissue would most likely provide this energy? Companion cell

4. How does xylem tissue relate to phloem during the transport of sugars? Water from xylem flow into phloem at sources to create a pressure which moves the contents of phloem to sinks. Water leaves the phloem at sinks and goes back into xylem.

5. Explain why flow in phloem may be bi-directional. If sources are leaves, nutrients from leaves to other parts of the plant such as roots. However, in some cases, plant stems and roots can be sources (contain stored nutrients) which supply immature leaves which are now acting as sinks. So nutrients can flow from roots or stems to leaves also.

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End of Activity

You have reached the end of the activity. If you wish to review other concepts in this lesson, go to the first slide.If you have finished viewing the lesson, click the Close (X) button.

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CREDITS

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/vascular.html

http://lylscience.blogspot.com/2010/09/xylem-and-phloem.html

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/plantanatomy.htm (Plant structure and Function; Retrieved July 2012)

http://www.slideshare.net/bchiam/transport-in-plant-slides http://www.slideshare.net/bchiam/transport-in-plant-slides

(Transport in plants .. Cover has many green leaves! Has 62 slides)

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Education

Integrated Science M2 Transport in plants