INTERNET BASIC REQUIREMENT AND CLOUD COMPUTING

Prepared by Mr.Manish JhaSection Officer and faculty,

University of Petroleum & Energy Studies,Dehradun

Hardware & Software Requirement In Internet

Modem- A device that enables a computer to transmit data over telephone lines.

Connector- A device that mating and demating electrical power connection.

Cables- It consists of bundle of wires with connector on the ends.

Adaptor- It is a physical device that allow to interface between one hardware to another interface hardware.

Circuits- is a specific path between to points by which signals can be carried out.

Switches- It is a network device that select a path or circuit to send unit of data to its next destination.

Leased Lines- It is a telephone line connection that has been used for private purpose

Internet Basic Requirement

1. Hardware and Software Requirement 2. Protocol Transmission Media E-Mail

Protocol & Function

Protocol is a set of rules and procedure for communicating.

There are many protocols Some Protocol works only at particular OSI. Protocol can also work together is a suit.

How Protocol Works – Data is transmitted over the network and to be break down in a systematic steps. Each steps its own rules and procedure.

Protocol Used For Internet

TCP/IP X.25 Frame Relay ATM 2 Sonet

Function of Protocol

How protocol works

The protocol steps must be carried out in a consistent order that is the same on every computer in the network. In the sending computer, these steps must be executed from the top down. In the receiving computer, these steps must be carried out from the bottom up.

The Sending Computer Protocols at the sending computer: Break the data into smaller sections, called packets,

that the protocol can handle. Add addressing information to the packets so that the

destination computer on the network can determine that the data belongs to it.

Prepare the data for transmission through the NIC and out onto the network cable.

How protocol works

The Receiving Computer- Protocols at the receiving computer carry out the same series of steps in reverse order. They:

Take the data packets off the cable. Bring the data packets into the computer through the NIC. Strip the data packets of all the transmitting information that

was added by the sending computer. Copy the data from the packets to a buffer for reassembly. Pass the reassembled data to the application in a usable

form. Both sending and receiving computers need to perform each

step in the same way so that the data will have the same structure when it is received as it did when it was sent.

Protocol Used for internet

TCP/IP – It consists of multiple protocols, each of which transfer data across the network in a different form at with different option such as error checking.

X.25- It uses packet switching. Difference :-

TCP/IP has only end-to-end error checking and flow control; X.25 has error checking from node to node.

To compensate for the fact that a TCP/IP network is completely passive, TCP/IP has a more complicated flow control and window mechanism than X.25 has.

X.25 has tightly specified the electrical and link levels; TCP/IP is designed to travel over many different kinds of media, with many different types of link service.

TCP/IP

Other protocols written specifically for the TCP/IP suite include:

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) E-mail.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) For exchanging files among computers running TCP/IP.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) For network management.

TCP/IP

Types of Internet Protocol ?-A. Electronic Mail- SMTP,IMAP (Internet Message Access

Protocol), POP3 (POST OFFICE PROTOCOL3)B. FTPC. HTTP- It allows to shown the web page in web broswer.D. TelnetE. GopherF. Usenet

What is Domain ?Role on Domain Name System . Role of DHCP- ( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

IP Addressing

Difference between TCP and IP.IP AddressingDomain Name Server

DNS

Domain Name Server

It’s a network service that translate “names” into IP Address.

Domain Name & Host Name .comYahoo - .comgoogle ac.in upes Host Name

IP Addressing

IP uses 32 bits 1 byte= 8 bits 4 bytes= 32 bits IP consists of 4 numbers and number

always between 0 to 255. It consists of two components –One

component is network portion of the address.

Second component is Host portion of the address.

OSI Model

Types of OSI Layers :1. Application Layer2. Presentation Layer3. Session Layer4. Transport Layer5. Network Layer6. Data Link Layer7. Physical Layer

OSI

OSI- Open System Interconnection was developed in 1984 by ISO (International Standard Organization) . OSI model is a set of seven layers that ensure that must travel from one device to another device over the network. In earlier it was called internetworking.

Application Layer – This layer actually interact with the operating system or application whenever user transfer file,read message and perform other network activities

OSI Layer

Presentation Layer takes the data provided by the Application layer and converts it into a standard format that the other layers can understand.

SESSION LAYER : The session layer tracks connections, also called sessions. The session layer should keep track of multiple file downloads requested by a particular FTP application, or multiple telnet connections from a single terminal client, or web page retrievals from a web server.

TRANSPORT LAYER :-

DATA LINK LAYER The data link layer provides error-free transfer of data frames from one

node to another over the physical layer, allowing layers above it to assume virtually error-free transmission over the link. To do this, the data link layer provides:

The upper layers of the OSI model represent software that implements network services like encryption and connection management.

The lower layers of the OSI model implement more primitive, hardware-oriented functions like routing, addressing, and flow control.

OSI Layer

PHYSICAL LAYER The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI

model, is concerned with the transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the electrical/optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the signals for all of the higher layers.

Network Layer of the OSI model known as OSI Network Layer has a role to carry data from the source address to destination address . Like, TCP/IP address.

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is basically an Internet-based network made up of large numbers of

servers - mostly based on open standards, modular and inexpensive.  Clouds contain

vast amounts of information and provide a variety of services to large numbers of

people. The benefits of cloud computing are Reduced Data Leakage, Decrease evidence

acquisition time, they eliminate or reduce service downtime, they Forensic readiness, they

Decrease evidence transfer time

Cloud computing framework

History of Cloud Computing

History The Cloud is a metaphor for the Internet, derived from its

common depiction in network diagrams (or more generally components which are managed by

others) as a cloud outline. The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John

McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility" (indeed it shares

characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s) and the term The Cloud was

already in commercial use around the turn of the 21st century. Cloud computing solutions had

started to appear on the market, though most of the focus at this time was on Software as a

service.

Cloud computing services

Types of services: These services are broadly divided into

three categories: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).

Cloud Computing-deployment

Types by visibility: Public Cloud Hybrid Cloud Private Cloud

Cloud Computing-deployment

Public Clouds A public cloud is one in which the services and infrastructure are

provided off-site over the Internet. These clouds offer the greatest level of efficiency in shared resources; however, they are also more vulnerable than private clouds. A public cloud is the obvious choice

when :- Our standardized workload for applications is used by lots of

people, such as e-mail. we need to test and develop application code. we have SaaS (Software as a Service) applications from a vendor

who has a well-implemented security strategy. We need incremental capacity (the ability to add computer

capacity for peak times). We are doing collaboration projects. We are doing an ad-hoc software development project using a

Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering cloud.