Introduction

To be able to communicate in the target language To be able to use the language spontaneously and orally Develop the ability to think in the target language

Use the target language only Rules of grammar are taught inductively Speaking begin with systematic attention to pronunciation Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught

New teaching points are taught through modeling and practice Both speech and listening comprehension are taught Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized

Use the target language communicatively Use the realia to enhance students’ leaning motivation

Less attention on the grammatical

accuracy and reading skill Students can’t apply the language

communicatively in real-life situations Teacher may not be proficient in native

language Teacher need to spend much time to

prepare teaching materials

Reading Aloud Question and Answer Exercise Student Self-Correction Conversation Practice Fill-in-the-blank Exercise Dictation

This approach is selected for practical and academic reasons.

For specific uses of the language in graduate or scientific studies.

The approach is for people who do not travel abroad for whom reading is the one usable skill in a foreign language.

One of the most influential models of reading in recent years has been the Psycholinguistic Model described by Goodman and drawing heavily on top-down processing.

It is based on a consideration of schema theory which says that comprehension depends on the activation of schemata.

These are pictures or frameworks of a situation which help us to understand the situation.

Advantage Study target language

Enhance reading and writing ability

Improve comprehension ability

Build up vocabulary

Learn some grammatical pattern

Disadvantages

Minimal attention is paid to pronunciation and conversational skills.

Inaccurate linguistic analysis

Paying attention to unfamiliar words which are not relevant to the purpose of reading.

It is based on behaviorist theory -- From early psychology in the 19th century , proposed by John B Watson.

---Based on the proposition that all things which organisms do -- including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors.

Language learning is a habit-formation.

This method aims at using the target language communicatively by intensive oral drilling of basic sentence.

Spoken language comes before written language.

Mistakes should be avoided.

Structures are sequenced and taught one at a time.

Structural patterns are taught using

repetitive drills.

Little or no grammatical explanations are provide.

Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context.

Everything is simply memorized and recite in form.

Advantage Target language is the

only language to be used in the classroom.

Enhance speaking and listening ability.

Suitable for beginning learners.

Disadvantages Teacher cantered Short of learning

motivation Limitations of

structural linguistics and vocabulary

It didn’t teach explicit grammar pattern.

Students may feel bored.(mechanical drill)

Introduction

a practical command of the four basic skills of a language

accuracy in both pronunciation and grammar

ability to respond quickly and accurately in speech situations

Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally before it is presented in written form The target language is the language of the classroom New language points are introduced and practiced situationally

Choose the vocabularyGrammar are taught from

simple to complexReading and writing are

introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established

Bring the reality situation in the classroom

Hard to teach the grammar rules from simple to complex

Turn students into parrots

Boring and reduce motivation

Teacher-centered

Demonstrate with teaching aids

Key word changed

Instruction is often individualized

Vocabulary

Grammar-taught in either deductively or inductively way.

Language skills

Demands on teachers

Grammar teaching should be planned and systematic

Necessary grammar instruction

Extensive exposure to instructed grammar points

Production activities

Group work and task performance

Advantages

Learning step by step.

Independent thinking.

Teacher provide teaching

materials.

Disadvantages

Teacher center.

Neglect students interest and need.

Developed by Charles Curran and his associates in 1970s

The teacher can successfully transfer his or her knowledge and proficiency in the L2 to the students; Specific purposes are not mentioned.

S stands for security A stands for attention and

aggression R stands for retention and

reflection D represents discrimination

Whole person learning Learning is dynamic and creative Client-counselor and learner- knower relationships

Translation Group work Recording Transcription Analysis Reflection and observation Listening Free conversation

Help students overcome their negative

feeling Build good relationship with students Wants students to be responsible for their

learning Provide free-pressure Emphasis of classroom interaction in

cooperation, not competition

Hard to control the learning process if students are too passive in learning Hard to run the class for the relaxing environment

Small group and make sentences with the new

forms Students take turns reading the transcript Teacher puts a picture of a person on the

blackboard and students ask questions of

that person as if they have just met him Students reconstruct the conversation they

have created Students create a new dialog using words they

have learned to say during their conversation

It was developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jose State University, California.

Based on the coordination of speech and action.

It is linked to the trace theory of memory, which holds that the more often or intensively a memory connection is traced, the stronger the memory will be.

Second language learning is parallel to first language learning and should reflect the same naturalistic processes.

Listening should develop before speaking.

Children respond physically to spoken language, and adult learners learn better if

they do that too.

Once listening comprehension has been developed, speech develops naturally and effortlessly out of it.

Adults should use right-brain motor activities, while the left hemisphere watches and learns .

Delaying speech reduces stress.

Pros Suitable for

beginner Pressure free Develop

listening ability first

Comprehension Action feedback Interest

Cons Time consuming Energy costly Lack of reading

and writing

The Natural Approach was developed by Tracy Terrell and Stephen Krashen, starting in 1977.

Natural Approach there is an emphasis on exposure, or input, rather than practice .

Natural approach as an example of communicative approach.

Optimizing emotional preparedness for learning .

A prolonged period of attention to what the language learners hear before they try to produce language .

Willingness to use written and other materials as a source of comprehensible input.

Advantages Minimize stress Useful for

beginning learners.

Enhance listening ability.

Use visual aids and realia.

Depend on learner needs.

Disadvantages

Hard to learn correct forms.

Feedback of errors.

Introduction

The goal of language teaching is learner ability to communicate in the target language

Students regular work in groups or pairs to

transfer meaning in situations Students often engage in role play or

dramatization Classroom materials and activities are often

authentic Teacher’s role is primarily to facilitate

communication and secondarily to correct errors Teacher should be able to use the target language

fluently and appropriately

For real communication, students should know knowledge of linguistic forms, background information Produce real language in daily life

No environment of ESL Ignore the training of reading and writing Difficulty in evaluating students’ performance Hard for beginning level students to express target language with foreigner

Authentic materials scrambled sentences Language games Picture strip story Role play

TBLL was popularized by N.Prabhu while working in Bangalore,India.

Prabhu figured out that his students could learn language just as easily with a non-linguistic problem as when they are concentrating on linguistic questions.

The main focus of this approach is the task while language is the means with which they complete it.

It focuses on the use of authentic language, and to students doing meaningful tasks using the target language .

The main idea of the task should be completing a problem-solving aspect.

Assessment is primarily based on task outcome .

Advantages

Student-centered

Meaning communication

More interaction

More interesting

Learn how to cooperate with others.

Independent thinking

Disadvantages

Hard for beginning learners.

Focus on meaning instead of form.

Students may feel stress.

Occupy too much time in the class.

Hard to manage the class.

Difficult to prepare the materials.