• ZEENAT RIDA 2016-1908• ADEEL AZIZ 2016-1904• MUHAMMAD MUNEEB 2016-1919• TANVEER AHMAD 2016-1923

LEADERSHIPPresented By:

Leadership is the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. M. Chemers

Leadership is ultimately about creating the way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen.

Alan Keith

Leadership is the ability of superior to influence the behavior of subordinates or group and persuade them to follow to particular course of action Chester

Bernard

Importance of Leadership1. Employees perform 60% of their total capabilities because of

the following reasons:• Social pressure• Need for a job• Authority of superior2. Rest of the 40% is done with the help of the leadership,

because leadership is:• Source of motivation• Basis of cooperation• Directing group activities• Promoting the spirit of coordination among the employees• Fulfilling the social responsibility

Leadership is not about who’s smarter or tougher but about qualities such as motivating power, empathy, integrity, and intuitive abilities, which fall within the domain of “emotional intelligence”.

Categories of Leadership

1. Instructional leadership2. Transformational Leadership3. Moral Leadership4. Participative Leadership5. Contingency Leadership6. Managerial Leadership

Instructional leadership:

1. Focuses on “the behaviors of teachers as they engage in activities directly affecting the growth of students.

2. Allocate authority and influence to formal administrative roles.

3. It concern about the behaviors on student achievement and other important school outcomes.

Transformational Leadership

1. Transformational leadership focuses on “the commitments and capacities of organizational members”

2. Transformational leadership raise organizational member’s levels of personal commitment to achieve organizational goals resulting in greater productivity.

Moral Leadership

1. The focus of moral leadership is on the values and ethics of leadership.

2. It promotes equity, democratic community and social justice.

Participative Leadership

1. It also called “group”, “shared” or “teacher leadership”.

2. It stresses the “decision making process of the group”.

3. It increase the organizational effectiveness.

Contingency Leadership

1. It’s focus on “how leaders respond to the unique organizational circumstances or problems that they face”.

2. Contingency leaders typically in formal administrative roles are capable of mastering a wide range of leadership styles.

Managerial Leadership

1. Focuses on the “functions, tasks, or behaviors of leader”.

Leadership versus Management Management power comes from

organizational structure. Leadership power comes from Personal source. Leader empowers the employees while

manager command the employees

Theories of Leadership

Trait Theory Behavioral Theory

Contingency theory

Trait theory Focuses on individual characteristics of successful

leaders. Leaders possess a set of traits which make them distinct

from followers. A strong desire for accomplishment. Creativity and intelligence. Initiative. High tolerence. Ability to influence others. According to this theory leaders are born not made.

Traits of Leaders Stogdill, 1948 survey: Analyzed 124 traits. An individual does NOT

become a leader solely based on possessing these traits. The traits must be relevant to the situation in which the leader is functioning. The survey argued that leadership was determined by the situational factor

Intelligence Physical Features Inner Motivation Maturity Vision & Foresight Acceptance of Responsibility Open-Minded and adaptability Self-confidence Human Relations Attitude Fairness and Objectivity

Behavioural Theory Main focus on behaviours of actual leaders. Determines how various kinds of specific leaders

behaviour affect the performance and satisfaction of followers.

Pattern of actions used by different individuals determines leadership potential.A leader’s behavior is the best predictor of his leadership influences and as a result, is the best determinant of his or her leadership success.

Contingency theory Behaviour of leader depends upon

characteristic of situation in which leader is in.

Implies under what conditions will employee oriented leadership will be effective and under what type of conditions production oriented leadership be more effective.

While trait and behavior theories do help us understand leadership, an important component is missing: the environment in which the leader exists.

Contingency Theory deals with this additional aspect of leadership effectiveness studies.

Most popular theories – 1. Fiedler’s contingency model. 2. The path-goal theory. 3. Situational leadership theory.

Fiedler’s theory The theory that effective groups depend upon a

proper match between a leader's style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader.

There are basically three steps in the model

Identifying Leadership Style

Defining the Situation

Matching leaders and situations

Path – goal theory

. The Path-Goal is a theory based on specifying a leader's style or behavior that best fits the employee and work environment in order to achieve a goal (House, Mitchell, 1974).

The goal is to increase your employees' motivation, empowerment, and satisfaction so they become productive members of the organization.

Leader’s job is to use structure,support and rewards to create a work environvent that helps employees reach the organisation’s goals

Situational leadership theory

Paul hershey and Kenneth blanchard :

Maturity of followers as a contingency variable.

Situational leadership requires leader’s emphasis on task behaviours and relationship behaviour according to maturity of followers in performing their tasks.

Leadership Styles

Different Leadership Styles

Autocratic or Authoritative

Democratic or Participative

Laissez Fair or Free rein

Autocratic or authoritarian style Under the autocratic leadership style, all decision-making powers are

centralized in the leader, as with dictator leaders.

They do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from subordinates. The autocratic leadership has been successful as it provides strong motivation to the leader.

It permits quick decision-making, as only one person decides for the whole group and keeps each decision to himself until he feels it is needed to be shared with the rest of the group.

High degree of dependency on the leader

May be valuable in some types of business where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively

Leadership style in France

French management style is more autocratic, though this is not always evident at first glance. In France, the boss seems to have a more roving role than his focused German counterpart, and often appears to consult with middle managers, technical staff and workers, but decisions are generally made by the chief executive and orders are top-down.

Participative or democratic style

The democratic leadership style favours decision-making by the group .

They can win the cooperation of their group and can motivate them effectively and positively.

The decisions of the democratic leader are not unilateral as with the autocrat because they arise from consultation with the group members and participation by them.

Consultative: process of consultation before decisions are taken

Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to persuade others that the decision is correct.

TEAMWORK MAKES THE DREAMWORK

Laissez –Faire or free rein style A free rein leader does not lead, but leaves the group

entirely to itself such a leader allows maximum freedom to subordinates, i.e. they are given a free hand in deciding their own policies and methods.

1. Can be very useful in businesses where creative ideas are important

2. Can be highly motivational, as people have control over their working life

3. Can make coordination and decision making time-consuming and lacking in overall direction

4. Relies on good team work.5. Relies on good interpersonal relations

Summary The literature reviewed over the past decade revealed six

major categories of leadership. Instructional, Transformational, moral, participative, contingency and managerial leadership. Leadership theories can be classified as trait, behavioral, contingency, pat-goal and stiuational leadership theory. Trait theory campares the leader from non leaders. Behavior theory has no conclusive results so it has been incorporated into contingency theory of leadership. The contingency theory is based on two different assumptions about leader adaptability. One assumes that leaders must change their behavior to fit the situation. And other approach assumes that the leader must change the situation to fit the leader's behavior, which is assumed to be immutable. Three major styles of leadership are authoritative, Democratic, and laissez fair. Most important conclusion from leadership theory is that the traits or skills of a leader, leader’s behaviors, and various situational factors interacting together may ultimately determine a leader’s effectiveness.

References:

Educational Administration: Concepts and Practices by Fred C. Lunenburg 

Hemphill, John K. (1949). Situational Factors in Leadership. Columbus: Ohio State University Bureau of Educational Research.

Fiedler, Fred E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. McGraw-Hill:

Tittemore, James A. (2003). Leadership at all Levels. Canada:

“Together we will make it happen”

COMPOSED BY FUTURE LEADERS

Thank You !!