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• Introduction• Advanced searching techniques• Steps 1-3• Databases• More…
Introduction
The Research Process
Identify main keywords
List synonyms, related words & variant spellings
Create search statement
Search for sources using LINC+/LINC & databases
Get more sources by checking references
Are there enough? Evaluate quality, currency, relevance, etc.
yes
no
Complete your assignment
Topic
Information Sources
• Books• Journal articles• Conference papers • Newspapers• Theses & dissertations• Primary sources• Internet
Finding Citations
I want to find journal articles/book chapters on a topic.
Finding Citations: Use Databases
Method 2: search by name of database e.g. LLBA
Method 1: browse databases by subject
Note: Most databases do not have full-text articles
Finding Full-text Articles
I have the citation and need the full-text article.
Finding Full-text: Use LINC or LINC+
LINC LINC+
•search a field (e.g. title, author, keyword, call no.) and location/collection•good for known item search (e.g. journal titles)
•search many fields (title, author, keyword, subject)•good for browsing & discovery
Finding Full-text: LINC Journal Search
our subscription
E-journal publishers/ providers
latest issue In Current Journals
search for specific volume or year
click for complete listing of volumes in Bound Journals and Closed Stacks
Advanced Searching Techniques
Boolean Operators: AND, OR, NOT1. AND: both terms must be present
fewer results
2. OR: either terms may be present more results
3. NOT/AND NOT: exclude a term• use with caution
A B
cats AND dogs
A B
cats OR dogs
A B
cats NOT dogs
Quotation Marks “ ”
Use quotation marks “ ” for phrase searching
Example:code switching: 10,719 results “code switching”: 2572 results
Note:Some databases treat adjacent words as separate words (AND),while others treat them as phrase (“ ”)
Asterisk *
Use asterisk * for variant forms of a word & variant spelling
Examples:bilingual*= bilingual, bilinguals, bilingualismcolo*r = color, colour
Note:Some databases use other symbols, e.g.: $, ?, !
Parentheses ( )
Use parentheses ( ) for grouping similar or related words
Example:
e.g. (language acquisition OR bilingualism) AND adults
language acquisition AND adults
bilingualism AND adults
Steps 1-3
Step 1: Identify Keywords
Topic:Relationship between cognitive development and bilingualism in children
#1: cognitive development #2: bilingual #3: children
Step 2: List Synonyms & Related Words
•intellectual development•psychological development
•second language
• toddlers• preschoolers• elementary school students
#1: cognitive development #2: bilingual #3: children
Where to Find Synonyms
• thesaurus:printonline e.g. www.thesaurus.com
• databases:built-in thesaurus e.g. LLBA, PsycINFOsubject headings, key concepts, descriptors
• articles, books, etc. on the same subject
Step 3: Create Search Statement
Topic:Relationship between cognitive development and bilingualism in children
Search statement:(cognitive development OR intellectual development OR mental development) AND (bilingual* OR second language) AND children
Databases
DB#1: LLBA
• CSA Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts• >2,000 journals, books, dissertations, book reviews• linguistics & related disciplines in the language sciences
DB#1: LLBA
field: keywords
advanced search
e.g. thesaurus
sort by relevance or datemark record to save, print or email
citationcheck whether library subscribes to this journal volume & issue by using LINC/LINC+
DB#2: PsycINFO
• psychology & psychological aspects of related disciplines e.g. medicine, linguistics, business, etc.
• about 98% of the journals are peer-reviewed
DB#2: PsycINFO Basic Search
Basic search:•accepts natural language•do not use AND, OR, NOT, $, ( ), “ ” •includes related terms will search for alternative words•searches all fields
limits
link to journal in LINC
print, email or export citations
no. of results
related terms used
automatic ranking by relevance
All search terms are present and complete
All search terms are present, but some are incomplete
One search term is missing from the record
Two search terms are missing from the record
More than two search terms are missing from the record
DB#2: PsycINFO Basic Search Relevance Ranking
DB#2: PsycINFO Multi-Field Search
Multi-Field search:•Can select different fields, e.g. abstract•Can use $, “ ”
no. of results
automatic sorting by year
DB#3: JSTOR
• Full-text database for humanities and social sciences• back issues only• searching and browsing functions
various ways of limiting, e.g. by type, date
DB#3: JSTOR
Note: only about 10% of JSTOR articles have abstracts
click here to see the first page
download the PDF
DB#4: ERIC
• educational-related literature, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education
• books, conferences, government documents, theses, reports, etc.
• available via CSA platform and http://www.eric.ed.gov
DB#4: ERIC
limit to elementary education
sort by relevance
full-text article
DB#5: Factiva
• full-text articles from nearly 8,000 newspapers, newswires, magazines & trade journals
• no graphics and photographs• Straits Times: from 1989 onwards
DB#5: Factiva
go to search builder
type Straits Times & click on the button
put in your keywords
select Publication: Straits Times
sort by date or relevance
mark to view on single page, email, print or save
Other SourcesMulti-disciplinary DatabasesArts & Humanities Citation Index (via WOS)Expanded Academic ASAPPERINDPeriodicals Index OnlineProject MuseProquest Dissertations & ThesesScopus
Other Newspaper DatabasesLexisNexis AcademicNewspaperSG (1831-2006, watermarked)
Other E-ResourcesOxford English Dictionary
WebsitesNational Archives STARS (Speech Text Archival & Retrieval System)
More…
Recap
• use synonyms and related words• create search statement using keywords plus AND, OR, NOT, ( ),
*, “ ”• select fields e.g. article title, abstract• limit search by type (article, books, reviews), date, peer-
reviewed, etc• sort results by relevance
Quality (Relevance) vs. Quantity
Troubleshooting Search Results
You may encounter:• too many results use AND, more precise keywords• too few results use OR, synonyms/related words• many irrelevant results exclude keywords that are too general• no results check spelling, use more OR & synonyms, or redefine
your research topic
If you need help, check with your professor or ask a librarian!
Evaluating Information Sources
• authority: reputable publisher, society or organisation; author’s credentials & institutional affiliation
• accuracy: methods of research; means to verify data; support by references
• objectivity: biasness• currency: up-to-date• scholarly: peer reviewed, cited
Appropriate Use
• Library resources are mainly for your research and study• Use them responsibly • Observe copyright guidelines for photocopying and printing
- 10% or 1 chapter of book- 1 article in a journal issue
• Avoid excessive photocopying or downloading • Copyright violations may have serious consequences
Plagiarism
To avoid plagiarism:1. Jot down your sources2. Put all direct quotes in quotation marks, e.g.
“Both words and images can be evocative in their own ways and independent of each other” (Nikolajeva & Scott, 2006, p. 2)
3. Indicate the source even when you paraphrase, e.g.Vietnam is one of the region’s fastest growing economies (Rogers, 2008).
4. Create a reference/bibliography section, e.g. Nikolajeva, M., & Scott, C. (2006). How picturebooks work. New York: Routledge.
EndNote
A software that:• stores and organizes citations • inserts citations into a Word document• format references in a predefined citation style
For more info: http://libguides.nus.edu.sg/endnote
Technical queries (e.g. installation):call IT Care at 6516 2080 or email [email protected]
Watch EndNote video
Getting Help
Phone: 6516-2029/30
Email: [email protected] (ELL queries)
[email protected] (general queries)
Walk in: information desk (CL, level 5)
Others: FAQsLibrary Instruction ONline (LION)Subject Guide
Bonus
Google Scholar
• aim: single search engine for scholarly literature • may include links to free PDF articles• good for quick research
However,• not all results come from scholarly sources• many link to publishers' websites which require subscriber login• use the proxy bookmarklet to access full-texts• note: only for resources subscribed by NUS Libraries
guide to using bookmarklet
myLINC
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