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Logical Fallacies
Model
1. Deductive Logic = reasoning from general to particular
2. Inductive Logic = from a finite general rule
3. Syllogism = A=B B=C C=A
4. Sound Argument= Syllogism used correctly
5. Valid argument = Syllogism used incorrectly
6. Toolman = Claim (Conclusion) -> Ground (data) -> Warrant (evidence) -> Backing (credentials)
Terms
7. Law of Non-contradiction = A cannot be A and –A at the same time
8. Qualifications = Words that are not all inclusive
9. Conditional Statement and Implication = Hidden “then:
Methods
10. Reduction Ad Absurdum= reducing to absurd, slippery slope.
Fallacies
11. Disjunctive Syllogism =All possible conclusions are not listed
12. Fallacy of Composition = Transferring some but not all parts
13. Fallacy of Division = Move from the whole to part
14. Fallacy of the Slippery Slope = A causes B. B causes C. C causes the end of the world
Fallacies
15. Fallacy of Hasty Generalization = All of something, not using qualifications
16. Fallacy of Circular Reasoning = Cause causes the cause
17. Fallacy of Equivocation = Change argument in the middle of an argument
18. False Dilemma = Turning into an “either or” situation, similar to a Disjunctive Syllogism
19. Fallacy of Tertoum Quid = Putting in a “maybe” where there is none.
20. Fallacy of Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc = B happened because of A with no connection
21. Fallacy of AD Homin = Attack of the man and not the argument
22. Fallacy to Appeal to People = Everyone else is doing it
23. Fallacy of Appeal to Pity = self explanatory
24. Fallacy of Appeal to Tradition = self explanatory
25. Fallacy of Appeal to Ignorance = Something cannot be true because he has not heard of it
26. Fallacy of Appeal to Authority = self explanatory
27. Fallacy of Appeal to Non Sequitur = Latin for “I do not follow” pinching hurts so lets pinch ourselves
28. Fallacy of Straw Man = Setting up a false argument and attacking it.
29. Fallacy of Guilt by Association = guilty of action, or wrong because connection with others
30. Ad Ignorantiam = Not true b/c not know that is false
31. Fallacy of Argument from final Consequences = B/C Good end the way we get there does not matter (teleological).
32. Fallacy of False Analogy = Analogy works which mean the plan will too.
33. Fallacy of the False Continuum = B/C there is no defined line or the line is grey they are the same thing.
34. Genetic Fallacy = Designed to do something thus cannot do something else.