Logical Fallacies

Model

1. Deductive Logic = reasoning from general to particular

2. Inductive Logic = from a finite general rule

3. Syllogism = A=B B=C C=A

4. Sound Argument= Syllogism used correctly

5. Valid argument = Syllogism used incorrectly

6. Toolman = Claim (Conclusion) -> Ground (data) -> Warrant (evidence) -> Backing (credentials)

Terms

7. Law of Non-contradiction = A cannot be A and –A at the same time

8. Qualifications = Words that are not all inclusive

9. Conditional Statement and Implication = Hidden “then:

Methods

10. Reduction Ad Absurdum= reducing to absurd, slippery slope.

Fallacies

11. Disjunctive Syllogism =All possible conclusions are not listed

12. Fallacy of Composition = Transferring some but not all parts

13. Fallacy of Division = Move from the whole to part

14. Fallacy of the Slippery Slope = A causes B. B causes C. C causes the end of the world

Fallacies

15. Fallacy of Hasty Generalization = All of something, not using qualifications

16. Fallacy of Circular Reasoning = Cause causes the cause

17. Fallacy of Equivocation = Change argument in the middle of an argument

18. False Dilemma = Turning into an “either or” situation, similar to a Disjunctive Syllogism

19. Fallacy of Tertoum Quid = Putting in a “maybe” where there is none.

20. Fallacy of Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc = B happened because of A with no connection

21. Fallacy of AD Homin = Attack of the man and not the argument

22. Fallacy to Appeal to People = Everyone else is doing it

23. Fallacy of Appeal to Pity = self explanatory

24. Fallacy of Appeal to Tradition = self explanatory

25. Fallacy of Appeal to Ignorance = Something cannot be true because he has not heard of it

26. Fallacy of Appeal to Authority = self explanatory

27. Fallacy of Appeal to Non Sequitur = Latin for “I do not follow” pinching hurts so lets pinch ourselves

28. Fallacy of Straw Man = Setting up a false argument and attacking it.

29. Fallacy of Guilt by Association = guilty of action, or wrong because connection with others

30. Ad Ignorantiam = Not true b/c not know that is false

31. Fallacy of Argument from final Consequences = B/C Good end the way we get there does not matter (teleological).

32. Fallacy of False Analogy = Analogy works which mean the plan will too.

33. Fallacy of the False Continuum = B/C there is no defined line or the line is grey they are the same thing.

34. Genetic Fallacy = Designed to do something thus cannot do something else.